Compounds

ABSTRACT

Compounds of formula (I) and related aspects.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to novel benzamide compounds, processes for the manufacture of such compounds, related intermediates, compositions comprising such compounds and the use of such compounds as cytidine triphosphate synthase 1 inhibitors, particularly in the treatment or prophylaxis of disorders associated with cell proliferation.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Nucleotides are a key building block for cellular metabolic processes such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis. There are two classes of nucleotides, that contain either purine or pyrimidine bases, both of which are important for metabolic processes. Based on this, many therapies have been developed to target different aspects of nucleotide synthesis, with some inhibiting generation of purine nucleotides and some pyrimidine nucleotides or both.

The pyrimidine nucleotide cytidine 5′ triphosphate (CTP) is a precursor required not just for the metabolism of DNA and RNA but also phospholipids and sialyation of proteins. CTP originates from two sources: a salvage pathway and a de novo synthesis pathway that depends on two enzymes, the CTP synthases (or synthetases) 1 and 2 (CTPS1 and CTPS2) (Evans and Guy 2004; Higgins, et al. 2007; Ostrander, et al. 1998).

CTPS1 and CTPS2 catalyse the conversion of uridine triphosphate (UTP) and glutamine into cytidine triphosphate (CTP) and L-glutamate:

Both enzymes have two domains, an N-terminal synthetase domain and a C-terminal glutaminase domain (Kursula, et al. 2006). The synthetase domain transfers a phosphate from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the 4-position of UTP to create an activated intermediate, 4-phospho-UTP. The glutaminase domain generates ammonia from glutamine, via a covalent thioester intermediate with a conserved active site cysteine, generating glutamate. This ammonium is transferred from the glutaminase domain to the synthetase domain via a tunnel or can be derived from external ammonium. This ammonium is then used by the synthetase domain to generate CTP from the 4-phospho-UTP (Lieberman, 1956).

Although CTPS exists as two isozymes in humans and other eukaryotic organisms, CTPS1 and CTPS2, functional differences between the two isozymes are not yet fully elucidated (van Kuilenburg, et al. 2000).

The immune system provides protection from infections and has therefore evolved to rapidly respond to the wide variety of pathogens that the individual may be exposed to. This response can take many forms, but the expansion and differentiation of immune populations is a critical element and is hence closely linked to rapid cell proliferation. Within this, CTP synthase activity appears to play an important role in DNA synthesis and the rapid expansion of lymphocytes following activation (Fairbanks, et al. 1995; van den Berg, et al. 1995).

Strong clinical validation that CTPS1 is the critical enzyme in human lymphocyte proliferation came with the identification of a loss-of-function homozygous mutation (rs145092287) in this enzyme that causes a distinct and life-threatening immunodeficiency, characterized by an impaired capacity of activated T- and B-cells to proliferate in response to antigen receptor-mediated activation. Activated CTPS1-deficient cells were shown to have decreased levels of CTP. Normal T-cell proliferation was restored in CTPS1-deficient cells by expressing wild-type CTPS1 or by addition of exogenous CTP or its nucleoside precursor, cytidine. CTPS1 expression was found to be low in resting lymphocytes, but rapidly upregulated following activation of these cells. Expression of CTPS1 in other tissues was generally low. CTPS2 seems to be ubiquitously expressed in a range of cells and tissues but at low levels, and the failure of CTPS2, which is still intact in the patients, to compensate for the mutated CTPS1, supports CTPS1 being the critical enzyme for the immune populations affected in the patients (Martin, et al. 2014).

Overall, these findings suggest that CTPS1 is a critical enzyme necessary to meet the demands for the supply of CTP required by several important immune cell populations.

Normally the immune response is tightly regulated to ensure protection from infection, whilst controlling any response targeting host tissues. In certain situations, the control of this process is not effective, leading to immune-mediated pathology. A wide range of human diseases are thought to be due to such inappropriate responses mediated by different elements of the immune system.

Given the role that cell populations, such as T and B lymphocytes, are thought to play in a wide range of autoimmune and other diseases, CTPS1 represents a target for a new class of immunosuppressive agents. Inhibition of CTPS1 therefore provides a novel approach to the inhibition of activated lymphocytes and selected other immune cell populations such as Natural Killer cells, Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) and Invariant Natural Killer T cells, highlighted by the phenotype of the human mutation patients (Martin, et al. 2014).

Cancer can affect multiple cell types and tissues but the underlying cause is a breakdown in the control of cell division. This process is highly complex, requiring careful coordination of multiple pathways, many of which remain to be fully characterised. Cell division requires the effective replication of the cell's DNA and other constituents. Interfering with a cell's ability to replicate by targeting nucleic acid synthesis has been a core approach in cancer therapy for many years. Examples of therapies acting in this way are 6-thioguanine, 6-mecaptopurine, 5-fluorouracil, cytarabine, gemcitabine and pemetrexed.

As indicated above, pathways involved in providing the key building blocks for nucleic acid replication are the purine and pyrimidine synthesis pathways, and pyrimidine biosynthesis has been observed to be up-regulated in tumors and neoplastic cells.

CTPS activity is upregulated in a range of tumour types of both haematological and non-haematological origin, although heterogeneity is observed among patients. Linkages have also been made between high enzyme levels and resistance to chemotherapeutic agents.

Currently, the precise role that CTPS1 and CTPS2 may play in cancer is not completely clear. Several non-selective CTPS inhibitors have been developed for oncology indications up to phase I/II clinical trials, but were stopped due to toxicity and efficacy issues.

Most of the developed inhibitors are nucleoside-analogue prodrugs (3-deazauridine, CPEC, carbodine), which are converted to the active triphosphorylated metabolite by the kinases involved in pyrimidine biosynthesis: uridine/cytidine kinase, nucleoside monophosphate-kinase (NMP-kinase) and nucleoside diphosphatekinase (NDP-kinase). The remaining inhibitors (acivicin, DON) are reactive analogues of glutamine, which irreversibly inhibit the glutaminase domain of CTPS. Gemcitibine is also reported to have some inhibitory activity against CTPS (McClusky et al., 2016).

CTPS therefore appears to be an important target in the cancer field. The nature of all of the above compounds is such that effects on other pathways are likely to contribute to the efficacy they show in inhibiting tumours.

Selective CTPS inhibitors therefore offer an attractive alternative approach for the treatment of tumours. Compounds with different potencies against CTPS1 and CTPS2 may offer important opportunities to target different tumours depending upon their relative dependence on these enzymes.

CTPS1 has also been suggested to play a role in vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation following vascular injury or surgery (Tang et al., 2013).

As far as is known to date, no selective CTPS1 inhibitors have been developed. Recently, the CTPS1 selective inhibitory peptide CTpep-3 has been identified. The inhibitory effects of CTpep-3 however, were seen in cell free assays but not in the cellular context. This was not unexpected though, since the peptide is unlikely to enter the cell and hence is not easily developable as a therapeutic (Sakamoto, et al. 2017).

In summary, the available information and data strongly suggest that inhibitors of CTPS1 will reduce the proliferation of a number of immune and cancer cell populations, with the potential for an effect on other selected cell types such as vascular smooth muscle cells as well. Inhibitors of CTPS1 may therefore be expected to have utility for treatment or prophylaxis in a wide range of indications where the pathology is driven by these populations.

CTPS1 inhibitors represent a novel approach for inhibiting selected components of the immune system in various tissues, and the related pathologies or pathological conditions such as, in general terms, rejection of transplanted cells and tissues, Graft-related diseases or disorders, allergies and autoimmune diseases. In addition, CTPS1 inhibitors offer therapeutic potential in a range of cancer indications and in enhancing recovery from vascular injury or surgery and reducing morbidity and mortality associated with neointima and restenosis.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides a compound of formula (I):

wherein

-   -   R₁ is C₁₋₅alkyl, C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl which cycloalkyl is         optionally substituted by CH₃, C₁₋₃alkyleneOC₁₋₂alkyl, or CF₃;     -   R₃ is H, CH₃, halo, OC₁₋₂alkyl or CF₃;     -   R₄ and R₅ are each independently H, C₁₋₆alkyl,         C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₆cycloalkyl, C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl,         C₁₋₃alkyleneOC₁₋₃alkyl, C₁₋₆alkylOH or C₁₋₆haloalkyl,         -   or R₄ and R₅ together with the carbon atom to which they are             attached form a C₃₋₆cycloalkyl or C₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl ring;     -   R₆ is H or C₁₋₃alkyl;     -   Ar1 is a 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl;     -   Ar2 is a 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl and is attached to Ar1 in         the para position relative to the amide;     -   R₁₀ is H, halo, C₁₋₃alkyl, OC₁₋₂alkyl, C₁₋₂haloalkyl,         OC₁₋₂haloalkyl or CN;     -   R₁₁ is H, F, Cl, CH₃, ethyl, OCH₃, CF₃, OCF₃ or CN;     -   R₁₂ is attached to Ar2 in the meta or ortho position relative to         Ar1 and R₁₂ is H, halo, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₂₋₄alkynyl, C(═O)C₁₋₂alkyl,         C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl, OC₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₃alkyleneOC₁₋₃alkyl,         C₁₋₄haloalkyl, OC₁₋₄haloalkyl, CN, OC₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl,         OCH₂CH₂N(CH₃)₂, OH, C₁₋₄alkylOH, NR₂₃R₂₄, SO₂CH₃, C(O)N(CH₃)₂,         NHC(O)C₁₋₃alkyl, or a C₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl comprising one         nitrogen located at the point of attachment to Ar2, or R₁₂         together with a nitrogen atom to which it is attached forms an         N-oxide (N⁺—O⁻);     -   R₂₃ is H or C₁₋₂alkyl; and     -   R₂₄ is H or C₁₋₂alkyl.

Suitably, there is provided a compound of formula (I):

-   -   wherein     -   R₁ is C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₂alkyleneOC₁₋₂alkyl or         C₀₋₁alkyleneC₃₋₄cycloalkyl which cycloalkyl is optionally         substituted by CH₃;     -   R₃ is H, CH₃, F or Cl;     -   R₄ and R₅ are each independently H, C₁₋₄alkyl,         C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl, C₁₋₃alkyleneOC₁₋₃alkyl, C₁₋₄alkylOH         or C₁₋₄haloalkyl;     -   R₆ is H or C₁₋₃alkyl;     -   Ar1 is a 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl;     -   Ar2 is a 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl and is attached to Ar1 in         the para position relative to the amide;     -   R₁₀ is H, halo, C₁₋₃alkyl, OC₁₋₂alkyl, C₁₋₂haloalkyl,         OC₁₋₂haloalkyl or CN; and     -   R₁₂ is attached to Ar2 in the meta position relative to Ar1 and         R₁₂ is H, halo, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₂alkynyl, C(═O)C₁₋₂alkyl,         C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl, OC₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₃alkyleneOC₁₋₃alkyl,         C₁₋₄haloalkyl, OC₁₋₄haloalkyl or CN.

A compound of formula (I) may be provided in the form of a salt and/or solvate thereof and/or derivative thereof. Suitably, the compound of formula (I) may be provided in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof and/or derivative thereof. In particular, the compound of formula (I) may be provided in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate, such as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.

Also provided is a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof and/or derivative thereof, for use as a medicament, in particular for use in the inhibition of CTPS1 in a subject or the prophylaxis or treatment of associated diseases or disorders, such as those in which a reduction in T-cell and/or B-cell proliferation would be beneficial.

Further, there is provided a method for the inhibition of CTPS1 in a subject or the prophylaxis or treatment of associated diseases or disorders, such as those in which a reduction in T-cell and/or B-cell proliferation would be beneficial, by administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof and/or derivative thereof.

Additionally provided is the use of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof and/or derivative thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the inhibition of CTPS1 in a subject or the prophylaxis or treatment of associated diseases or disorders, such as those in which a reduction in T-cell and/or B-cell proliferation would be beneficial.

Suitably the disease or disorder is selected from: inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis or lichen planus; acute and/or chronic GVHD such as steroid resistant acute GVHD; acute lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS); systemic lupus erythematosus, lupus nephritis or cutaneous lupus; and transplantation. In addition, the disease or disorder may be selected from myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, and scleroderma/systemic sclerosis.

Also provided is a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof and/or derivative thereof, for use in the treatment of cancer.

Further, there is provided a method for treating cancer in a subject, by administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof and/or derivative thereof.

Additionally provided is the use of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof and/or derivative thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of cancer in a subject.

Also provided is a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof and/or derivative thereof, for use in enhancing recovery from vascular injury or surgery and reducing morbidity and mortality associated with neointima and restenosis in a subject.

Further, there is provided a method for enhancing recovery from vascular injury or surgery and reducing morbidity and mortality associated with neointima and restenosis in a subject, by administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof and/or derivative thereof.

Additionally provided is the use of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof and/or derivative thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for enhancing recovery from vascular injury or surgery and reducing morbidity and mortality associated with neointima and restenosis in a subject.

Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions containing a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof and/or derivative thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

Also provided are processes for preparing compounds of formula (I) and novel intermediates of use in the preparation of compounds of formula (I).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides a compound of formula (I):

wherein

-   -   R₁ is C₁₋₅alkyl, C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl which cycloalkyl is         optionally substituted by CH₃, C₁₋₃alkyleneOC₁₋₂alkyl, or CF₃;     -   R₃ is H, CH₃, halo, OC₁₋₂alkyl or CF₃;     -   R₄ and R₅ are each independently H, C₁₋₆alkyl,         C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₆cycloalkyl, C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl,         C₁₋₃alkyleneOC₁₋₃alkyl, C₁₋₆alkylOH or C₁₋₆haloalkyl,         -   or R₄ and R₅ together with the carbon atom to which they are             attached form a C₃₋₆cycloalkyl or C₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl ring;     -   R₆ is H or C₁₋₃alkyl;     -   Ar1 is a 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl;     -   Ar2 is a 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl and is attached to Ar1 in         the para position relative to the amide;     -   R₁₀ is H, halo, C₁₋₃alkyl, OC₁₋₂alkyl, C₁₋₂haloalkyl,         OC₁₋₂haloalkyl or CN;     -   R₁₁ is H, F, C₁, CH₃, ethyl, OCH₃, CF₃, OCF₃ or CN;     -   R₁₂ is attached to Ar2 in the meta or ortho position relative to         Ar1 and R₁₂ is H, halo, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₂₋₄alkynyl, C(═O)C₁₋₂alkyl,         C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl, OC₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₃alkyleneOC₁₋₃alkyl,         C₁₋₄haloalkyl, OC₁₋₄haloalkyl, CN, OC₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl,         OCH₂CH₂N(CH₃)₂, OH, C₁₋₄alkylOH, NR₂₃R₂₄, SO₂CH₃, C(O)N(CH₃)₂,         NHC(O)C₁₋₃alkyl, or a C₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl comprising one         nitrogen located at the point of attachment to Ar2, or R₁₂         together with a nitrogen atom to which it is attached forms an         N-oxide (N⁺—O⁻);     -   R₂₃ is H or C₁₋₂alkyl; and     -   R₂₄ is H or C₁₋₂alkyl;     -   or a salt and/or solvate thereof and/or derivative thereof.

Suitably, the invention provides a compound of formula (I):

wherein

-   -   R₁ is C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₂alkyleneOC₁₋₂alkyl or         C₀₋₁alkyleneC₃₋₄cycloalkyl which cycloalkyl is optionally         substituted by CHs;     -   R₃ is H, CH₃, F or Cl;     -   R₄ and R₅ are each independently H, C₁₋₄alkyl,         C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl, C₁₋₃alkyleneOC₁₋₃alkyl, C₁₋₄alkylOH         or C₁₋₄haloalkyl;     -   R₆ is H or C₁₋₃alkyl;     -   Ar1 is a 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl;     -   Ar2 is a 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl and is attached to Ar1 in         the para position relative to the amide;     -   R₁₀ is H, halo, C₁₋₃alkyl, OC₁₋₂alkyl, C₁₋₂haloalkyl,         OC₁₋₂haloalkyl or CN; and     -   R₁₂ is attached to Ar2 in the meta position relative to Ar1 and         R₁₂ is H, halo, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₂alkynyl, C(═O)C₁₋₂alkyl,         C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl, OC₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₃alkyleneOC₁₋₃alkyl,         C₁₋₄haloalkyl, OC₁₋₄haloalkyl or CN;     -   or a salt and/or solvate thereof and/or derivative thereof.

Suitably, the invention provides a compound of formula (I):

wherein

-   -   R₁ is C₀₋₁alkyleneC₃₋₄cycloalkyl;     -   R₃ is H, CH₃ or Cl;     -   R₄ and R₅ are each independently H, C₁₋₄alkyl or         C₁₋₃alkyleneOC₁₋₃alkyl;         -   or R₄ together with R₅ form a C₃₋₆cycloalkyl ring     -   R₆ is H or C₁₋₃alkyl;     -   Ar1 is a 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl;     -   Ar2 is a 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl and is attached to Ar1 in         the para position relative to the amide;     -   R₁₀ is H, halo, C₁₋₃alkyl, OC₁₋₂alkyl or C₁₋₂haloalkyl; and     -   R₁₂ is attached to Ar2 in the meta position relative to Ar1 and         R₁₂ is H, halo, C₁₋₄alkyl, C(═O)C₁₋₂alkyl, OC₁₋₄alkyl,         C₁₋₄haloalkyl, OC₁₋₄haloalkyl or CN;     -   or a salt and/or solvate thereof and/or derivative thereof.

The term ‘alkyl’ as used herein, such as in C₁₋₂alkyl, C₁₋₃alkyl or C₁₋₄alkyl, whether alone or forming part of a larger group such as an Oalkyl group (e.g. OC₁₋₂alkyl, OC₁₋₃alkyl or OC₁₋₄alkyl), is a straight or a branched fully saturated hydrocarbon chain containing the specified number of carbon atoms. Examples of alkyl groups include the C₁₋₄alkyl groups methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl, in particular the C₁₋₃alkyl groups methyl, ethyl, n-propyl and iso-propyl such as C₁₋₂alkyl groups methyl and ethyl. Reference to “propyl” includes n-propyl and iso-propyl, and reference to “butyl” includes n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl. Examples of Oalkyl groups include the OC₁₋₄alkyl groups methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy (which includes n-propoxy and iso-propoxy) and butoxy (which includes n-butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec-butoxy and tert-butoxy). C₅alkyl groups as used herein, whether alone or forming part of a larger group such as an OC₅alkyl group is a straight or a branched fully saturated hydrocarbon chain containing five carbon atoms. Examples of C₅alkyl groups include n-pentyl, sec-pentyl, 3-pentyl, sec-isopentyl and active pentyl. C₆alkyl groups as used herein, whether alone or forming part of a larger group such as an OC₆alkyl group is a straight or a branched fully saturated hydrocarbon chain containing six carbon atoms. Examples of C₆alkyl groups include n-hexyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl and 2,3-dimethylbutyl.

The term ‘alkylene’ as used herein, such as in C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl, C₁₋₃alkyleneOC₁₋₃alkyl, C₁₋₂alkyleneOC₁₋₂alkyl or C₀₋₁alkyleneC₃₋₄cycloalkyl is a bifunctional straight or a branched fully saturated hydrocarbon chain containing the specified number of carbon atoms. Examples of C₀₋₂alkylene groups are where the group is absent (i.e. C₀), methylene (C₁) and ethylene (C₂). Examples of C₁₋₃alkylene groups are where the group is methylene (C₁), ethylene (C₂) and propylene (C₃). Examples of C₁₋₂alkylene groups are where the group is methylene (C₁) and ethylene (C₂). Examples of C₀₋₁alkylene groups are where the group is absent (C₀) and methylene (C₁).

The term ‘cycloalkyl’ as used herein, such as in C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, such as C₃₋₅cycloalkyl or C₃₋₄ cycloalkyl, whether alone or forming part of a larger group such as C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₆cycloalkyl such as C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl or C₀₋₁alkyleneC₃₋₄cycloalkyl is a fully saturated hydrocarbon ring containing the specified number of carbon atoms. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include the C₃₋₅cycloalkyl groups cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl and cyclopentyl. Examples of cycloalkyl groups also include the C₆cycloalkyl group cyclohexyl.

Example ‘cycloalkyl’ groups are as follows:

The term ‘heterocycloalkyl’ as used herein, such as in C₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl or C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₆ heterocycloalkyl is a fully saturated hydrocarbon ring containing the specified number of ring atoms and includes the ring atom through which the heterocycloalkyl group is attached, wherein at least one of the atoms in the ring is a heteroatom such as O, N or S. As required by valency, the nitrogen atom(s) may be connected to a hydrogen atom to form an NH group. Alternatively the nitrogen atom(s) may be substituted (such as one nitrogen atom is substituted), for example by C₁₋₄alkyl, C(O)H, C(O)C₁₋₄alkyl, C(O)OC₁₋₄alkyl, C(O)OC₁₋₄alkylaryl such as C(O)OBz, C(O)NHC₁₋₄alkyl, C(O)NHC₁₋₄alkylaryl such as C(O)NHBz, an Fmoc group, C(O)C₁₋₄haloalkyl, C(O)OC₁₋₄haloalkyl or C(O)NHC₁₋₄haloalkyl such as C(O)OtBu. Wherein a ring heteroatom is S, the term ‘heterocycloalkyl’ includes wherein the S atom(s) is substituted (such as one S atom is substituted) by one or two oxygen atoms (i.e. S(O) or S(O)₂). Alternatively, any sulphur atom(s) in the C₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl ring is not substituted.

Examples of C₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl groups include those comprising one heteroatom such as containing one heteroatom (e.g. one oxygen atom or one nitrogen atom) or containing two heteroatoms (e.g. two oxygen atoms or one oxygen atom and one nitrogen atom or two nitrogen atoms). Particular examples of C₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl comprising one oxygen atom include oxiranyl, oxetanyl, 3-dioxolanyl, morpholinyl, 1,4-oxathianyl, tetrahydropyranyl, 1,4-thioxanyl and 1,3,5-trioxanyl. Particular examples of C₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl comprising one nitrogen atom include pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl and thiomorpholinyl.

The heterocycloalkyl groups may have the following structures:

wherein each Q is independently selected from O, N or S, such as O or N. When Q is N, as required by valency, the nitrogen atom(s) may be connected to a hydrogen atom to form an NH group. Alternatively the nitrogen atom(s) may be substituted (such as one nitrogen atom is substituted), for example by C₁₋₄alkyl, C(O)H, C(O)C₁₋₄alkyl, C(O)OC₁₋₄alkyl, C(O)OC₁₋₄alkylaryl such as C(O)OBz, C(O)NHC₁₋₄alkyl, C(O)NHC₁₋₄alkylaryl such as C(O)NHBz, an Fmoc group, C(O)C₁₋₄haloalkyl, C(O)OC₁₋₄haloalkyl or C(O)NHC₁₋₄haloalkyl such as C(O)OtBu. When any Q is S, the S atoms can be substituted (such as one S atom is substituted) by one or two oxygen atoms (i.e. S(O) or S(O)₂). Alternatively, any sulphur atom(s) in the C₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl ring is not substituted.

When the heterocycloalkyl is formed from R₄ and R₅ together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, suitably any heteroatom is not directly connected to the carbon to which R₄ and R₅ are attached. Thus suitably, when the heterocycloalkyl is formed from R₄ and R₅ together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, the heterocycloalkyl may be:

wherein each Q is independently O, N or S such as O or N. When Q is N, as required by valency, the nitrogen atom(s) may be connected to a hydrogen atom to form an NH group. Alternatively the nitrogen atom (s) may be substituted (such as one nitrogen atom is substituted), for example by C₁₋₄alkyl, C(O)H, C(O)C₁₋₄alkyl, C(O)OC₁₋₄alkyl, C(O)OC₁₋₄alkylaryl such as C(O)OBz, C(O)NHC₁₋₄alkyl, C(O)NHC₁₋₄alkylaryl such as C(O)NHBz, an Fmoc group, C(O)C₁₋₄haloalkyl, C(O)OC₁₋₄haloalkyl or C(O)NHC₁₋₄haloalkyl such as C(O)OtBu. When any Q is S, the S atom(s) can be substituted (such as one S atom is substituted) by one or two oxygen atoms (i.e. S(O) or S(O)₂). Alternatively, any sulphur atom(s) in the C₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl ring is not substituted.

When R₄ and/or R₅ is C₀alkyleneC₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl, any heteroatom in the heterocycloalkyl may not be directly connected to the carbon to which R₄ and R₅ are connected.

The term ‘alkynyl’ as used herein, such as in C₂₋₄alkynyl such as in C₂alkynyl is an unbranched hydrocarbon chain containing the specified number of carbons (e.g. 2, 3 or 4 carbons, such as two carbons), two of which carbon atoms are linked by a carbon-carbon triple bond.

The term ‘halo’ or ‘halogen’ as used herein, refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine. Particular examples of halo are fluorine and chlorine, especially fluorine.

The term ‘haloalkyl’ as used herein, such as in C₁₋₆haloalkyl, such as in C₁₋₂haloalkyl or C₁₋₄haloalkyl, whether alone or forming part of a larger group such as an Ohaloalkyl group, such as in OC₁₋₆haloalkyl, such as in OC₁₋₂haloalkyl or OC₁₋₄haloalkyl, is a straight or a branched fully saturated hydrocarbon chain containing the specified number of carbon atoms and at least one halogen atom, such as fluoro or chloro, especially fluoro. An example of haloalkyl is CF₃.

Further examples of haloalkyl are CHF₂ and CH₂CF₃. Examples of Ohaloalkyl include OCF₃, OCHF₂ and OCH₂CF₃.

The term ‘6-membered aryl’ as used herein refers to a phenyl ring.

The term ‘6-membered heteroaryl’ as used herein refers to 6-membered aromatic rings containing at least one heteroatom (e.g. nitrogen). Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryls include one nitrogen atom (pyridinyl), two nitrogen atoms (pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl or pyrazinyl) and three nitrogen atoms (triazinyl).

The phrase ‘in the para position relative to the amide’ as used herein, such as in relation to the position of Ar2, means that compounds with the following substructure are formed:

wherein W may be N, CH or CR₁₀, and Y may be N, CH or CR₁₂ as required by the definitions provided for compounds of formula (I). W may also be CR₁₁ as allowed by the definitions provided for compounds of formula (I).

The term ‘meta’ as used herein, such as when used in respect of defining the position of R₁₂ on Ar2 is with respect to Ar1 means:

The term ‘ortho’ as used herein, such as when used in respect of defining the position of R₁₂ on Ar2 is with respect to Ar1 means:

In one embodiment of the invention R₁ is C₁₋₅alkyl such as C₁₋₄alkyl. When R₁ is C₁₋₅alkyl, R₁ is methyl, ethyl, propyl (n-propyl or isopropyl), butyl (n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl or tert-butyl) or pentyl (e.g. n-pentyl, sec-pentyl, 3-pentyl, sec-isopentyl or active pentyl). When R₁ is C₁₋₄alkyl, R₁ is methyl, ethyl, propyl (n-propyl or isopropyl) or butyl (n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl or tert-butyl).

In a second embodiment of the invention R₁ is C₁₋₃alkyleneOC₁₋₂alkyl such as C₁₋₂alkyleneOC₁₋₂alkyl. R₁ may be C₁alkyleneOC₁alkyl. R₁ may be C₁alkyleneOC₂alkyl. R₁ may be C₂alkyleneOC₁alkyl. R₁ may be C₂alkyleneOC₂alkyl. R₁ may be C₃alkyleneOC₁alkyl. R₁ may be C₃alkyleneOC₂alkyl.

In a third embodiment of the invention R₁ is C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl which cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by CH₃ such as C₀₋₁alkyleneC₃₋₄cycloalkyl which cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by CH₃. In some embodiments, R₁ is C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl such as C₀₋₁alkyleneC₃₋₄cycloalkyl. In other embodiments, R₁ is C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl which cycloalkyl is substituted by CH₃ such as C₀₋₁alkyleneC₃₋₄cycloalkyl which cycloalkyl is substituted by CH₃. R₁ may be C₃₋₅cycloalkyl, which cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by CH₃ such as C₃₋₄cycloalkyl, which cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by CH₃. R₁ may be C₁alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl, which cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by CH₃. R₁ may be C₁alkyleneC₃₋₄cycloalkyl, which cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by CH₃. R₁ may be C₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl, which cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by CH₃. R₁ may be C₂alkyleneC₃₋₄cycloalkyl, which cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by CH₃. R₁ may be C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃cycloalkyl, which cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by CH₃. R₁ may be C₀₋₁alkyleneC₃cycloalkyl, which cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by CH₃. R₁ may be C₀₋₂alkyleneC₄cycloalkyl, which cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by CH₃. R₁ may be C₀₋₁alkyleneC₄cycloalkyl, which cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by CH₃. R₁ may be C₀₋₂alkyleneC₅cycloalkyl, which cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by CH₃. R₁ may be C₀₋₁alkyleneC₅cycloalkyl, which cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by CH₃. Suitably, where C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl such as C₀₋₁alkyleneC₃₋₄cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by CH₃, the CH₃ is at the point of attachment of the C₃₋₅cycloalkyl to the C₀₋₂alkylene such as at the point of attachment of the C₃₋₄cycloalkyl to the C₀₋₁alkylene.

Suitably R₁ is cyclopropyl.

In a fourth embodiment of the invention, R₁ is CF₃.

In one embodiment R₃ is H. In a second embodiment R₃ is CH₃. In a third embodiment, R₃ is halo. In an example, R₃ is F. In a second example, R₃ is Cl. In a fourth embodiment, R₃ is OC₁₋₂alkyl. Suitably R₃ is OCH₃. Suitably, R₃ is OCH₂CH₃. In a fifth embodiment, R₃ is CF₃.

Suitably, R₃ is H.

In one embodiment, R₄ is H. In a second embodiment R₄ is C₁₋₆alkyl such as C₁₋₄alkyl, i.e. methyl, ethyl, propyl (n-propyl or isopropyl) or butyl (n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl or tert-butyl). R₄ may also be pentyl (e.g. n-pentyl, sec-pentyl, 3-pentyl, sec-isopentyl or active pentyl) or hexyl (e.g. n-hexyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl and 2,3-dimethylbutyl). In a third embodiment, R₄ is C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₆cycloalkyl such as C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl, such as C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃cycloalkyl, C₀₋₂alkyleneC₄cycloalkyl, C₀₋₂alkyleneC₅cycloalkyl, C₀alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl, C₁alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl and C₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl. R₄ may also be C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃cycloalkyl, C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₆cycloalkyl, C₁alkyleneC₃₋₆cycloalkyl and C₂alkyleneC₃₋₆cycloalkyl. In a fourth embodiment R₄ is C₁₋₃alkyleneOC₁₋₃alkyl, in particular C₁₋₂alkyleneOC₁₋₂alkyl such as C₁alkyleneOC₁alkyl, C₂alkyleneOC₁alkyl, C₁alkyleneOC₂alkyl or C₂alkyleneOC₂alkyl. In a fifth embodiment R₄ is C₁₋₆alkylOH such as C₁₋₄alkylOH such as C₁alkylOH, C₂alkylOH, C₃alkylOH or C₄alkylOH wherein C₁₋₄alkyl is methyl, ethyl, propyl (n-propyl or isopropyl) and butyl (n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl or tert-butyl). R₄ may also be C₅alkylOH or C₂alkylOH. In a sixth embodiment, R₄ is C₁₋₆haloalkyl such as C₁₋₄haloalkyl such as C₁haloalkyl (e.g. CF₃), C₂haloalkyl (e.g. CH₂CF₃), C₃haloalkyl (e.g. CH₂CH₂CF₃) or C₄haloalkyl (e.g. CH₂CH₂CH₂CF₃). R₄ may also be C₅haloalkyl (e.g. CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CF₃) or C₅haloalkyl (e.g. CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CF₃). In a seventh embodiment, R₄ is C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₆ heterocycloalkyl such as C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃heterocycloalkyl, C₀₋₂alkyleneC₄heterocycloalkyl, C₀₋₂alkyleneC₅heterocycloalkyl, C₀₋₂alkyleneC₆heterocycloalkyl, C₀alkyleneC₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl, C₁alkyleneC₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl and C₂alkyleneC₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl. Suitably the heterocycloalkyl of a C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl group is a heterocyclopropyl, heterocyclobutyl, heterocyclopentyl or heterocyclohexyl ring such as a heterocyclohexyl ring. Suitably, the heterocyclopentyl ring is tetrahydrofuranyl or pyrrolidinyl. Suitably, the heterocyclohexyl ring is tetrahydropyranyl or piperidinyl. Any nitrogen atom such as one nitrogen atom in the C₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl ring may be substituted, for example by C₁₋₄alkyl, C(O)H, C(O)C₁₋₄alkyl, C(O)OC₁₋₄alkyl, C(O)OC₁₋₄alkylaryl such as C(O)OBz, C(O)NHC₁₋₄alkyl, C(O)NHC₁₋₄alkylaryl such as C(O)NHBz, an Fmoc group, C(O)C₁₋₄haloalkyl, C(O)OC₁₋₄haloalkyl or C(O)NHC₁₋₄ haloalkyl such as C(O)OtBu. Suitably, any nitrogen atom in the C₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl ring is not substituted. In an eighth embodiment, R₄ and R₅ together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a C₃₋₆cycloalkyl or C₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl ring. Suitably R₄ and R₅ together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a C₃₋₆cycloalkyl ring, such as a cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl ring. Suitably R₄ and R₅ together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a C₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl ring, such as a heterocyclopropyl, heterocyclobutyl, heterocyclopentyl or heterocyclohexyl ring. Suitably, the heterocyclopentyl ring is tetrahydrofuranyl or pyrrolidinyl. Suitably, the heterocyclohexyl ring is tetrahydropyranyl or piperidinyl. Any nitrogen atom such as one nitrogen atom in the C₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl ring may be substituted, for example by C₁₋₄alkyl, C(O)H, C(O)C₁₋₄alkyl, C(O)OC₁₋₄alkyl, C(O)OC₁₋₄alkylaryl such as C(O)OBz, C(O)NHC₁₋₄alkyl, C(O)NHC₁₋₄alkylaryl such as C(O)NHBz, an Fmoc group, C(O)C₁₋₄haloalkyl, C(O)OC₁₋₄haloalkyl or C(O)NHC₁₋₄haloalkyl such as C(O)OtBu. Suitably, any nitrogen atom in the C₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl ring is not substituted.

Suitably R₄ is H, CH₃ or ethyl, in particular CH₃ or ethyl. Suitably, R₄ and R₅ together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a C₃₋₆cycloalkyl ring, such as a cyclopropyl ring.

In one embodiment, R₅ is H. In a second embodiment R₅ is C₁₋₆alkyl such as C₁₋₄alkyl, i.e. methyl, ethyl, propyl (n-propyl or isopropyl) or butyl (n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl or tert-butyl). R₅ may also be pentyl (e.g. n-pentyl, sec-pentyl, 3-pentyl, sec-isopentyl and active pentyl) or hexyl (e.g. n-hexyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl and 2,3-dimethylbutyl). In a third embodiment, R₅ is C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₆cycloalkyl such as C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl, such as C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃cycloalkyl, C₀₋₂alkyleneC₄cycloalkyl, C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl, C₀alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl, C₁alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl and C₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl. R₅ may also be C₀₋₂alkyleneC₆cycloalkyl, C₀alkyleneC₃₋₆cycloalkyl, C₁alkyleneC₃₋₆cycloalkyl and C₂alkyleneC₃₋₆ cycloalkyl. In a fourth embodiment R₅ is C₁₋₃alkyleneOC₁₋₃alkyl, in particular C₁₋₂alkyleneOC₁₋₂ alkyl such as C₁alkyleneOC₁alkyl, C₂alkyleneOC₁alkyl, C₁alkyleneOC₂alkyl or C₂alkyleneOC₂alkyl. In a fifth embodiment R₅ is C₁₋₆alkylOH such as C₁₋₄alkylOH such as C₁alkylOH, C₂alkylOH, C₃alkylOH or C₄alkylOH wherein C₁₋₄alkyl is methyl, ethyl, propyl (n-propyl or isopropyl) and butyl (n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl or tert-butyl). R₅ may also be C₅alkylOH or C₆alkylOH. In a sixth embodiment, R₅ is C₁₋₆haloalkyl such as C₁₋₄haloalkyl such as C₁haloalkyl (e.g. CF₃), C₂haloalkyl (e.g. CH₂CF₃), C₃haloalkyl (e.g. CH₂CH₂CF₃), C₄haloalkyl (e.g. CH₂CH₂CH₂CF₃). R₅ may also be C₅haloalkyl (e.g. CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CF₃) or C₆haloalkyl (e.g. CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CF₃). In a seventh embodiment, R₅ is C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl such as C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃heterocycloalkyl, C₀₋₂alkyleneC₄heterocycloalkyl, C₀₋₂alkyleneC₅heterocycloalkyl, C₀₋₂alkyleneC₆heterocycloalkyl, C₀alkyleneC₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl, C₁alkyleneC₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl and C₂alkyleneC₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl. Suitably the heterocycloalkyl is a heterocyclopropyl, heterocyclobutyl, heterocyclopentyl or heterocyclohexyl ring such as a heterocyclohexyl ring. Suitably, the heterocyclopentyl ring is tetrahydrofuranyl or pyrrolidinyl. Suitably, the heterocyclohexyl ring is tetrahydropyranyl or piperidinyl. Any nitrogen atom such as one nitrogen in the C₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl ring may be substituted, for example by C₁₋₄alkyl, C(O)H, C(O)C₁₋₄alkyl, C(O)OC₁₋₄alkyl, C(O)OC₁₋₄alkylaryl such as C(O)OBz, C(O)NHC₁₋₄alkyl, C(O)NHC₁₋₄alkylaryl such as C(O)NHBz, an Fmoc group, C(O)C₁₋₄haloalkyl, C(O)OC₁₋₄haloalkyl or C(O)NHC₁₋₄haloalkyl such as C(O)OtBu. Suitably, any nitrogen atom in the C₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl ring is not substituted.

Suitably R₅ is H, CH₃ or ethyl, in particular CH₃ or ethyl. Suitably, R₄ and R₅ together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a C₃₋₆cycloalkyl ring, such as a cyclopropyl ring.

Suitably R₄ is H, CH₃ or ethyl and R₅ is H, CH₃ or ethyl, in particular R₄ is CH₃ or ethyl and R₅ is CH₃ or ethyl. For example, R₄ and R₅ are H, R₄ and R₅ are methyl or R₄ and R₅ are ethyl.

Suitably, R₄ is CH₂CH₂OCH₃ and R₅ is H.

In one embodiment, R₆ is H. In another embodiment, R₆ is C₁₋₃alkyl, in particular CH₃.

In one embodiment Ar1 is a 6-membered aryl, i.e. phenyl. In a second embodiment Ar1 is a 6-membered heteroaryl, in particular containing one nitrogen atom (pyridyl) or two nitrogen atoms (pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl or pyrazinyl).

In particular Ar1 is phenyl or 2-pyridyl, such as phenyl. The position numbering for Ar1 is in respect of the amide, with the carbon at the point of attachment designated position 1 and other numbers providing the relative location of the nitrogen atoms, for example:

In one embodiment R₁₀ is H. In a second embodiment R₁₀ is halo, for example fluoro or chloro. In a third embodiment R₁₀ is C₁₋₃alkyl, i.e. CH₃, ethyl or propyl (e.g. n-propyl or iso-propyl). In a fourth embodiment R₁₀ is OC₁₋₂alkyl, such as OCH₃ or ethoxy. In a fifth embodiment, R₁₀ is C₁₋₂haloalkyl, such as CF₃ or CH₂CF₃. In a sixth embodiment R₁₀ is OC₁₋₂haloalkyl, such as OCF₃. In a seventh embodiment R₁₀ is CN.

Suitably R₁₀ is H, fluoro, OCH₃, CH₃ or CF₃, in particular H or fluoro, especially H.

Suitably R₁₀ is attached at the ortho position of Ar1 relative to the amide (i.e. proximal to the amide).

In one embodiment R₁₁ is H. In a second embodiment R₁₁ is F. In a third embodiment, R₁₁ is Cl. In a fourth embodiment R₁₁ is CH₃. In a fifth embodiment R₁₁ is CH₂CH₃. In a sixth embodiment R₁₁ is OCH₃. In a seventh embodiment R₁₁ is CF₃. In an eighth embodiment R₁₁ is OCF₃. In a ninth embodiment R₁₁ is CN.

In one embodiment, R₁₁ is in the ortho position relative to the amide. In another embodiment, R₁₁ is in the meta position relative to the amide.

In one embodiment Ar2 is a 6-membered aryl, i.e. phenyl. In a second embodiment Ar2 is a 6-membered heteroaryl, in particular containing one nitrogen atom (pyridyl) or two nitrogen atoms (pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl or pyrazinyl).

The position numbering for Ar2 is in respect of the point of attachment to Ar1, for example:

In particular Ar2 is 3-pyridyl or 2,5-pyrazinyl, especially 2,5-pyrazinyl.

In one embodiment R₁₂ is H. In a second embodiment R₁₂ is halo, for example fluoro or chloro. In a third embodiment R₁₂ is C₁₋₄alkyl, i.e. methyl, ethyl, propyl (n-propyl or isopropyl) or butyl (n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl or tert-butyl). In a fourth embodiment, R₁₂ is C₂₋₄alkynyl such as C₂alkynyl (i.e. C≡CH). In a fifth embodiment, R₁₂ is C(═O)C₁₋₂alkyl, such as C(═O)C₁alkyl or C(═O)C₂alkyl. In a sixth embodiment R₁₂ is OC₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl, such as OC₃₋₅cycloalkyl (e.g. cyclopropoxy or cyclobutoxy), OC₁alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl or OC₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl. In a seventh embodiment R₁₂ is OC₁₋₄alkyl, such as OCH₃, ethoxy, iso-propoxy or n-propoxy. In an eighth embodiment, R₁₂ is C₁₋₃alkyleneOC₁₋₃alkyl in particular C₁₋₂alkyleneOC₁₋₂alkyl such as C₁alkyleneOC₁alkyl, C₂alkyleneOC₁alkyl, C₁alkyleneOC₂alkyl or C₂alkyleneOC₂alkyl. In a ninth embodiment R₁₂ is C₁₋₄haloalkyl, such as CF₃. In a tenth embodiment R₁₂ is OC₁₋₄haloalkyl, such as OCF₃, OCHF₂ or OCH₂CF₃. In an eleventh embodiment R₁₂ is CN. In an eleventh embodiment R₁₂ is OC₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl, such as OC₃₋₅cycloalkyl (e.g. cyclopropoxy or cyclobutoxy), OC₁alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl or OC₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl. In a twelfth embodiment R₁₂ is OCH₂CH₂N(CH₃)₂. In a thirteenth embodiment R₁₂ is OH. In a fourteenth embodiment R₁₂ is C₁₋₄alkylOH, such as CH₂OH or C(CH₃)₂OH. In a fifteenth embodiment R₁₂ is NR₂₃R₂₄. In a sixteenth embodiment R₁₂ is SO₂CH₃. In a seventeenth embodiment R₁₂ is C(O)N(CH₃)₂. In an eighteenth embodiment R₁₂ is NHC(O)C₁₋₃alkyl such as NHC(O)CH₃. In a nineteenth embodiment R₁₂ is a C₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl comprising (such as containing) one nitrogen located at the point of attachment to Ar2, such as a C₅heterocycloalkyl, in particular pyrrolidinyl, or a C₆heterocycloalkyl such as morpholinyl. In a twentieth embodiment, R₁₂ together with a nitrogen atom to which it is attached forms an N-oxide (N⁺—O⁻).

In one embodiment, R₂₃ is H. In another embodiment, R₂₃ is C₁₋₂alkyl i.e. CH₃ or CH₂CH₃.

In one embodiment, R₂₄ is H. In another embodiment, R₂₄ is C₁₋₂alkyl i.e. CH₃ or CH₂CH₃.

R₁₂ is suitably H, fluoro, chloro, CH₃, Et, OCH₃, OEt, OiPr, CF₃ or OCH₂CF₃. In particular, R₁₂ is fluoro, chloro, CH₃, OCH₃, OEt, OiPr or CF₃, for example chloro, OEt, OiPr or CF₃ such as chloro, OEt or CF₃.

R₁₂ is suitably attached at the meta position of Ar2. Alternatively, R₁₂ is attached at the ortho position of Ar2.

The present invention provides N-oxides of the compound of formula (I). Suitably, when R₁₂ together with a nitrogen atom to which it is attached forms an N-oxide (N⁺—O⁻), the example following structures are formed:

Throughout the specification Ar1 and Ar2 may be depicted as follows:

Ar1 may also be depicted as follows:

All depictions with respect to Ar1 are equivalent and all depictions with respect to Ar2 are equivalent, unless the context requires otherwise, depictions of Ar1 and Ar2 should not be taken to exclude the presence of heteroatoms or substitutions.

The present invention provides the compounds described in any one of Examples R1 to R71.

The present invention also provides the compounds described in any one of Examples R72 to R93.

The present invention provides the following compounds:

-   N-((2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)methyl)-5-phenylpicolinamide; -   N-((2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)methyl)-4-(pyridin-3-yl)benzamide; -   N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propyl)-4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)benzamide; -   N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propyl)-4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)benzamide     (R enantiomer); -   N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propyl)-4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)benzamide     (S enantiomer); -   N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propyl)-4-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide; -   N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2-fluorobenzamide; -   N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2-methoxybenzamide; -   N-((2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)methyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxamide; -   N-((2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)methyl)-2-fluoro-4-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide; -   N-((2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)methyl)-4-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2-fluorobenzamide; -   N-((2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)methyl)-4-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide; -   N-((2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)methyl)-4-(6-isopropoxypyrazin-2-yl)benzamide; -   N-((2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)methyl)-4-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)benzamide; -   N-(3-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)pentan-3-yl)-4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)benzamide; -   N-(3-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)pentan-3-yl)-4-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)benzamide; -   N-(3-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)pentan-3-yl)-4-(5-methylpyridin-3-yl)benzamide; -   N-(3-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)pentan-3-yl)-4-(pyridin-3-yl)benzamide; -   N-(3-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)pentan-3-yl)-4-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide; -   4-(6-chloropyrazin-2-yl)-N-(3-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)pentan-3-yl)benzamide; -   N-(3-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)pentan-3-yl)-4-(6-methylpyrazin-2-yl)benzamide; -   N-(3-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)pentan-3-yl)-4-(pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide; -   N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-5-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-3-fluoropicolinamide; -   N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-5-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)picolinamide; -   5-(6-chloropyrazin-2-yl)-N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)picolinamide; -   N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-5-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)picolinamide; -   N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-[2,2′-bipyridine]-5-carboxamide; -   4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)benzamide; -   N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)benzamide; -   4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-2-fluorobenzamide; -   N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)benzamide; -   N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-2-methoxy-4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)benzamide; -   4-(5-acetylpyridin-3-yl)-N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)benzamide; -   N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)benzamide; -   N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)benzamide; -   N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(5-methylpyridin-3-yl)benzamide; -   N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(5-methoxypyridin-3-yl)benzamide; -   N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(pyridin-3-yl)benzamide; -   N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-3′-(trifluoromethyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxamide; -   N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(6-ethylpyrazin-2-yl)-2-fluorobenzamide; -   N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide; -   N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-(6-isopropoxypyrazin-2-yl)benzamide; -   N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-(6-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide; -   N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-2-methyl-4-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide; -   N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2-methylbenzamide; -   N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide; -   N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-2-methoxy-4-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide; -   4-(6-chloropyrazin-2-yl)-N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-2-methoxybenzamide; -   4-(6-cyanopyrazin-2-yl)-N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-2-methoxybenzamide; -   N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide; -   4-(6-chloropyrazin-2-yl)-N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)benzamide; -   N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(6-methylpyrazin-2-yl)benzamide; -   N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(6-methoxypyrazin-2-yl)benzamide; -   N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)benzamide; -   N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(6-isopropoxypyrazin-2-yl)benzamide; -   N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(6-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide; -   N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide; -   N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propyl)-4-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)benzamide; -   N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propyl)-4-(5-methylpyridin-3-yl)benzamide; -   N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propyl)-4-(pyridin-3-yl)benzamide; -   N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propyl)-4-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2-fluorobenzamide; -   N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propyl)-4-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-N-methylbenzamide; -   N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propyl)-2-fluoro-4-(6-isopropoxypyrazin-2-yl)benzamide; -   4-(6-chloropyrazin-2-yl)-N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propyl)benzamide; -   N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propyl)-4-(6-methylpyrazin-2-yl)benzamide; -   N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propyl)-4-(pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide; -   N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propyl)-4-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)benzamide     (R enantiomer); -   N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propyl)-4-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)benzamide     (S enantiomer); -   N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propyl)-4-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2-fluorobenzamide     (R enantiomer); and -   N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propyl)-4-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2-fluorobenzamide     (S enantiomer);     or a salt and/or solvate thereof and/or derivative thereof.

The invention also provides the following compounds:

-   N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)-5-methylthiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-5-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)picolinamide; -   N-(2-(5-chloro-2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-5-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)picolinamide; -   N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)-5-methylthiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2-fluorobenzamide; -   N-(2-(5-chloro-2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2-fluorobenzamide; -   N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)-5-methylthiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-2-methyl-4-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide; -   N-(2-(5-chloro-2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-2-methyl-4-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide; -   N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)-5-methylthiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide; -   N-(2-(5-chloro-2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide; -   N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)cyclopropyl)-5-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)picolinamide; -   N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)cyclopropyl)-4-(pyridin-3-yl)benzamide; -   N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)cyclopropyl)-4-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2-fluorobenzamide; -   N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)cyclopropyl)-2-methyl-4-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide; -   N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)cyclopropyl)-4-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide; -   N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)-3-methoxypropyl)-4-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)benzamide; -   N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)-3-methoxypropyl)-4-(6-ethylpyrazin-2-yl)-2-fluorobenzamide; -   N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)-3-methoxypropyl)-2-fluoro-4-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide; -   N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)-3-methoxypropyl)-4-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2-fluorobenzamide; -   N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)-3-methoxypropyl)-2-fluoro-4-(6-isopropoxypyrazin-2-yl)benzamide; -   N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)-3-methoxypropyl)-4-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)benzamide; -   N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)ethyl)-4-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2-fluorobenzamide; -   N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)-3-methoxypropyl)-4-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2-fluorobenzamide     (R enantiomer); and -   N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)-3-methoxypropyl)-4-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2-fluorobenzamide     (S enantiomer);     or a salt and/or solvate thereof and/or derivative thereof.

The compounds of the invention may be provided in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof and/or derivative thereof. In particular, the compound of formula (I) may be provided in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate, such as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.

Compounds of the invention of particular interest are those demonstrating an IC₅₀ of 1 uM or lower, especially 100 nM or lower, in respect of CTPS1 enzyme, using the methods of the examples (or comparable methods).

Compounds of the invention of particular interest are those demonstrating a selectivity for CTPS1 over CTPS2 of 2-30 fold, suitably >30-60 fold or more suitably >60 fold, using the methods of the examples (or comparable methods).

It will be appreciated that for use in medicine the salts of the compounds of formula (I) should be pharmaceutically acceptable. Non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of formula (I) may be of use in other contexts such as during preparation of the compounds of formula (I). Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those described by Berge et al. (1977). Such pharmaceutically acceptable salts include acid and base addition salts. Pharmaceutically acceptable acid additional salts may be formed with inorganic acids e.g. hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, nitric or phosphoric acid and organic acids e.g. succinic, maleic, acetic, fumaric, citric, tartaric, benzoic, p-toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic or naphthalenesulfonic acid. Other salts e.g. oxalates or formates, may be used, for example in the isolation of compounds of formula (I) and are included within the scope of this invention.

Certain compounds of formula (I) form acid or base addition salts with one or more equivalents of the acid or base. The present invention includes within its scope all possible stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric forms.

The compounds of formula (I) may be prepared in crystalline or non-crystalline form and, if crystalline, may optionally be solvated, e.g. as the hydrate. This invention includes within its scope stoichiometric solvates (e.g. hydrates) as well as compounds containing variable amounts of solvent (e.g. water).

It will be understood that the invention includes pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives of compounds of formula (I) and that these are included within the scope of the invention.

As used herein “pharmaceutically acceptable derivative” includes any pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug such as an ester or salt of such ester of a compound of formula (I) which, upon administration to the recipient is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) a compound of formula (I) or an active metabolite or residue thereof.

It is to be understood that the present invention encompasses all isomers of formula (I) and their pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives, including all geometric, tautomeric and optical forms, and mixtures thereof (e.g. racemic mixtures). Where additional chiral centres are present in compounds of formula (I), the present invention includes within its scope all possible diastereoisomers, including mixtures thereof. The different isomeric forms may be separated or resolved one from the other by conventional methods, or any given isomer may be obtained by conventional synthetic methods or by stereospecific or asymmetric syntheses.

The present disclosure includes all isotopic forms of the compounds of the invention provided herein, whether in a form (i) wherein all atoms of a given atomic number have a mass number (or mixture of mass numbers) which predominates in nature (referred to herein as the “natural isotopic form”) or (ii) wherein one or more atoms are replaced by atoms having the same atomic number, but a mass number different from the mass number of atoms which predominates in nature (referred to herein as an “unnatural variant isotopic form”). It is understood that an atom may naturally exist as a mixture of mass numbers. The term “unnatural variant isotopic form” also includes embodiments in which the proportion of an atom of given atomic number having a mass number found less commonly in nature (referred to herein as an “uncommon isotope”) has been increased relative to that which is naturally occurring e.g. to the level of >20%, >50%, >75%, >90%, >95% or >99% by number of the atoms of that atomic number (the latter embodiment referred to as an “isotopically enriched variant form”). The term “unnatural variant isotopic form” also includes embodiments in which the proportion of an uncommon isotope has been reduced relative to that which is naturally occurring. Isotopic forms may include radioactive forms (i.e. they incorporate radioisotopes) and non-radioactive forms. Radioactive forms will typically be isotopically enriched variant forms.

An unnatural variant isotopic form of a compound may thus contain one or more artificial or uncommon isotopes such as deuterium (²H or D), carbon-11 (¹¹C), carbon-13 (¹³C), carbon-14 (¹⁴C), nitrogen-13 (¹³N), nitrogen-15 (¹⁵N), oxygen-15 (¹⁵O), oxygen-17 (¹⁷O), oxygen-18 (¹⁸O), phosphorus-32 (³²P), sulphur-35 (³⁵S), chlorine-36 (³⁶Cl), chlorine-37 (³⁷Cl), fluorine-18 (¹⁸F) iodine-123 (¹²³I), iodine-125 (¹²⁵I) in one or more atoms or may contain an increased proportion of said isotopes as compared with the proportion that predominates in nature in one or more atoms.

Unnatural variant isotopic forms comprising radioisotopes may, for example, be used for drug and/or substrate tissue distribution studies. The radioactive isotopes tritium, i.e. ³H, and carbon-14, i.e. ¹⁴C, are particularly useful for this purpose in view of their ease of incorporation and ready means of detection. Unnatural variant isotopic forms which incorporate deuterium i.e ²H or D may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements, and hence may be preferred in some circumstances. Further, unnatural variant isotopic forms may be prepared which incorporate positron emitting isotopes, such as ¹¹C, ¹⁸F, ¹⁵O and ¹³N, and would be useful in Positron Emission Topography (PET) studies for examining substrate receptor occupancy.

In one embodiment, the compounds of the invention are provided in a natural isotopic form.

In one embodiment, the compounds of the invention are provided in an unnatural variant isotopic form. In a specific embodiment, the unnatural variant isotopic form is a form in which deuterium (i.e. ²H or D) is incorporated where hydrogen is specified in the chemical structure in one or more atoms of a compound of the invention. In one embodiment, the atoms of the compounds of the invention are in an isotopic form which is not radioactive. In one embodiment, one or more atoms of the compounds of the invention are in an isotopic form which is radioactive. Suitably radioactive isotopes are stable isotopes. Suitably the unnatural variant isotopic form is a pharmaceutically acceptable form.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is provided whereby a single atom of the compound exists in an unnatural variant isotopic form. In another embodiment, a compound of the invention is provided whereby two or more atoms exist in an unnatural variant isotopic form.

Unnatural isotopic variant forms can generally be prepared by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art or by processes described herein e.g. processes analogous to those described in the accompanying Examples for preparing natural isotopic forms. Thus, unnatural isotopic variant forms could be prepared by using appropriate isotopically variant (or labelled) reagents in place of the normal reagents employed in the Examples. Since the compounds of formula (I) are intended for use in pharmaceutical compositions it will readily be understood that they are each preferably provided in substantially pure form, for example at least 60% pure, more suitably at least 75% pure and preferably at least 85%, especially at least 98% pure (% are on a weight for weight basis). Impure preparations of the compounds may be used for preparing the more pure forms used in the pharmaceutical compositions.

In general, the compounds of formula (I) may be made according to the organic synthesis techniques known to those skilled in this field, as well as by the representative methods set forth below, those in the Examples, and modifications thereof.

General Routes

Generic routes by which compound examples of the invention may be conveniently prepared are summarised below.

The thiazol-4-yl(propan-2-yl)benzamide derivatives of formula (I) in which R₁, R₃, R₄, R₅, Ar₁ and Ar₂ are defined above may be prepared as shown in Scheme 1 by sulfonation of the commercial amine such as (VII) followed by double Grignard addition to ethyl 2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazole-4-carboxylate (VI) in an aprotic solvent such as THE to form intermediates of formula (V). A Ritter type reaction may then be undertaken using an alkylnitrile, such as 2-chloroacetonitrile in the presence of an acid such as H₂SO₄. This intermediate of formula (IV) can be deprotected by reaction with thiourea in a protic solvent such as ethanol in the presence of acetic acid and heated under reflux to yield the free benzylamine derivative (II). A carboxylic acid precursor (III) (commercially available or prepared in two steps, as in Scheme 4) is reacted with an activating agent such as HATU, T3P or Ghosez's reagent (1-chloro-N,N,2-trimethylprop-1-en-1-amine), to generate a reactive, electrophilic carboxylic acid derivative, followed by subsequent reaction with benzylamine of formula (II), to yield the desired amide derivative of general formula (I).

The thiazol-4-yl(propan-2-yl)benzamide derivatives of formula (I) in which R₁, R₃, R₄, Ar₁ and Ar₂ are defined above may be prepared by two different routes as shown in Scheme 2. The two routes then converge at compounds of general formula (IX) where they are then taken on to the final analogues by a two-step process.

ROUTE A: Reduction of the ester of general formula (VI) using a reducing agent such as DIBAL-H yields the aldehyde of general formula (IX) (R₄ is H). It will be understood by persons skilled in the art that such reactions need to be carefully controlled to avoid over-reduction.

ROUTE B: The alkyl ester of formula (VI) may be conveniently hydrolysed by exposure to a suitable inorganic base, for example lithium hydroxide, in an aqueous mixture of aprotic and protic solvents, such as THF:methanol:water. The carboxylic acid derivative (XI) can then be converted to the Weinreb amide by employing a coupling agent, for example, HATU in the presence of a suitable base, such as DIPEA in a solvent such as DMF. The Weinreb amide derivative (X) can then be exposed to a nucleophile such as EtMgBr in an aprotic solvent such as THE to yield the corresponding ketone of the general formula (IX).

A reductive amination may be undertaken using (2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methanamine and a reducing agent such as sodium triacetoxyborohydride (STAB). This reaction can be carried out on the ketone of general formula (IX) (when R₄ is other than H) or the aldehyde of general formula (IX) (when R₄ is H), if the des-alkyl linker is desired. The intermediate of formula (VIII) may then be deprotected using a strong acid, such as TFA. Such reactions may be heated to 70° C. to yield the free benzylamine derivative (II). An amide coupling can then be undertaken as in Scheme 1.

Compounds of formula (XIII) may be obtained by a general process as shown in Scheme 3 whereby a carboxylic acid precursor (XIV) is reacted with an activating agent such as HATU, T3P or Ghosez's reagent, to generate a reactive, electrophilic carboxylic acid derivative, followed by subsequent reaction with an amine of formula (II). Intermediates of formula (XIII) are then converted to a compound of general formula (I) by coupling under Suzuki conditions with an aromatic halide of general formula (XII), of which X is defined in Scheme 3 and represents a dihydroxyboryl or dialkyloxyboryl group, such as a 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl group. The couplings according to the Suzuki method are performed, for example, by heating in the presence of a catalyst such as bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II)·CH₂Cl₂ adduct and an inorganic base such as potassium carbonate in a solvent mixture of dioxane and water under an inert atmosphere such as a nitrogen atmosphere. It will be understood by persons skilled in the art that many catalysts and conditions can be employed for such couplings.

Intermediates of formula (III) where Ar₂ is an unsubstituted or substituted 2-pyrazine ring or 3-pyridyl ring, may be synthesised as shown in Scheme 4 by coupling under Suzuki conditions of an aromatic halide of general formula (XII), of which R₁₀ and R₁₂ are defined above and Z represents a halide such as Br or Cl, to a boronate of general formula (XVI) where X denotes a dihydroxyboryl or dialkyloxyboryl group, such as a 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl group. The couplings according to the Suzuki method are performed, for example, by heating in the presence of a catalyst such as [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II)·CH₂Cl₂ adduct and an inorganic base such as cesium carbonate in a solvent mixture of dioxane and water under an inert atmosphere such as a nitrogen atmosphere. The carboxylic acids of general formula (III) are obtained by either deprotection of the t-butyl ester using a strong acid, such as TFA in a solvent of CH₂Cl₂, hydrolysis of the methyl ester using an alkali metal hydroxide such as NaOH in a solvent mixture such as THF/MeOH or hydrolysis of the nitrile using a strong acid such as concentrated HCl. Compounds of formula (III-A) may also be made using this method.

The thiazol-4-yl(propan-2-yl)benzamide derivatives of formula (I) in which R₁, R₃, R₄, R₅, Ar₁ and Ar₂ are defined above may be prepared by the route as shown in Scheme 5. Intermediate 2-bromthiazole esters of general formula (XVII) can be mono or bis-alkylated by alkyl halides such as 1-bromo-2-methoxyethane in the presence of a strong base such as sodium hydride to yield esters of general formula (XVIII) which may be conveniently hydrolysed by exposure to a suitable inorganic base, for example lithium hydroxide, in an aqueous mixture of aprotic and protic solvents, such as THF:methanol:water. The intermediate acyl azide, which may be formed from carboxylate (XIX) and diphenylphosphoryl azide in toluene and tert-butanol in the presence of a weak base such as trimethylamine undergoes a Curtius rearrangement at elevated temperatures such as 100° C. to yield an isocyanate that reacts with the alcohol present to give the carbamate protected amines of formula (XX). Palladium catalysed sulfonamidation of intermediate (XX) may be achieved using a catalytic system such as [Pd(allyl)Cl]₂ and a phosphine mono-dentate ligand such as t-BuXPhos in the presence of a primary sulphonamide to obtain compounds of the formula (XXI).

The intermediate of formula (XXI) may then be deprotected using a strong acid, such as HCl to yield the free benzylamine derivatives of formula (II) or salts thereof such as HCl salts. An amide coupling can then be undertaken as in Scheme 1 to give compounds of formula (I).

Intermediates of the Invention

The present invention also relates to novel intermediates in the synthesis of compounds of formula (I) such as compounds of formula (II)-(XXI) such as (II)-(XVI). Particular intermediates of interest are those of the following general formulae, wherein the variable groups and associated preferences are as defined previously for compounds of formula (I):

-   -   a compound of formula (II):

-   -   a compound of formula (III):

and

-   -   a compound of formula (VIII):

Also of interest are compounds of formula (III-A):

Suitably, the intermediate is not:

Suitably, at least one of R₁₀, R₁₁ and R₁₂ is other than H.

Included as an aspect of the invention are all novel intermediates described in the examples, including:

-   -   Intermediates INTE1 to INTE20; and     -   Intermediates INTF1 to INTF53.

Also included as an aspect of the invention are all novel intermediates described in the examples, including:

-   -   Intermediates INTE21 to INTE39.

Included as an aspect of the invention are salts such as pharmaceutically acceptable salts of any one of the intermediates disclosed herein, such as any one of compounds of formulae (II)-(XXI).

Therapeutic Methods

Compounds of formula (I) of the present invention have utility as inhibitors of CTPS1.

Suitably, the compounds of formula (I) of the present invention are selective for CTPS1 over CTPS2.

Therefore, the invention also provides a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate (e.g. salt) and/or derivative thereof, for use as a medicament, in particular in the treatment or prophylaxis of a disease or disorder wherein an inhibitor of CTPS1 is beneficial, for example those diseases and disorders mentioned herein below.

The invention provides a method for the treatment or prophylaxis of a disease or disorder wherein an inhibitor of CTPS1 is beneficial, for example those diseases and disorders mentioned herein below, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate (e.g. salt) and/or derivative thereof.

The invention also provides the use of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof (e.g. salt) and/or derivative, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of a disease or disorder wherein an inhibitor of CTPS1 is beneficial, for example those diseases and disorders mentioned herein below.

More suitably, the disease or disorder wherein an inhibitor of CTPS1 is beneficial is a disease or disorder wherein a reduction in T-cell and/or B-cell proliferation would be beneficial.

The invention also provides a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate (e.g. salt) and/or derivative thereof, for use in the inhibition of CTPS1 in a subject.

The invention provides a method for the inhibition of CTPS1 in a subject, which comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate (e.g. salt) and/or derivative thereof.

The invention also provides the use of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof (e.g. salt) and/or derivative, in the manufacture of a medicament for the inhibition of CTPS1 in a subject.

The invention also provides a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate (e.g. salt) and/or derivative thereof, for use in the reduction of T-cell and/or B-cell proliferation in a subject.

The invention provides a method for the reduction of T-cell and/or B-cell proliferation in a subject, which comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate (e.g. salt) and/or derivative thereof.

The invention also provides the use of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof (e.g. salt) and/or derivative, in the manufacture of a medicament for the reduction of T-cell and/or B-cell proliferation in a subject.

More suitably, the disease or disorder wherein an inhibitor of CTPS1 is beneficial is a disease or disorder wherein a reduction in T-cell and/or B-cell proliferation would be beneficial.

The term ‘treatment’ or ‘treating’ as used herein includes the control, mitigation, reduction, or modulation of the disease state or its symptoms.

The term ‘prophylaxis’ or ‘preventing’ is used herein to mean preventing symptoms of a disease or disorder in a subject or preventing recurrence of symptoms of a disease or disorder in an afflicted subject and is not limited to complete prevention of an affliction.

Suitably, the disease or disorder is selected from rejection of transplanted cells and tissues, Graft-related diseases or disorders, allergies and autoimmune diseases.

In one embodiment the disease or disorder is the rejection of transplanted cells and tissues. The subject may have been transplanted with a graft selected from the group consisting of heart, kidney, lung, liver, pancreas, pancreatic islets, brain tissue, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, cornea, skin, trachea, bone, bone marrow (or any other source of hematopoietic precursor cells and stem cells including hematopoietic cells mobilized from bone marrow into peripheral blood or umbilical cord blood cells), muscle, or bladder. The compounds of the invention may be of use in preventing or suppressing an immune response associated with rejection of a donor tissue, cell, graft or organ transplant in a subject.

In a further embodiment the disease or disorder is a Graft-related disease or disorder. Graft-related diseases or disorders include graft versus host disease (GVHD), such as GVHD associated with bone marrow transplantation, and immune disorders resulting from or associated with rejection of organ, tissue, or cell graft transplantation (e.g., tissue or cell allografts or xenografts), including, e.g., grafts of skin, muscle, neurons, islets, organs, parenchymal cells of the liver, etc, and Host-Versus-Graft-Disease (HVGD). The compounds of the invention may be of use in preventing or suppressing acute rejection of such transplant in the recipient and/or for long-term maintenance therapy to prevent rejection of such transplant in the recipient (e.g., inhibiting rejection of insulin-producing islet cell transplant from a donor in the subject recipient suffering from diabetes). Thus the compounds of the invention have utility in preventing Host-Versus-Graft-Disease (HVGD) and Graft-Versus-Host-Disease (GVHD).

A CTPS1 inhibitor may be administered to the subject before, after transplantation and/or during transplantation. In some embodiments, the CTPS1 inhibitor may be administered to the subject on a periodic basis before and/or after transplantation.

In another embodiment, the disease or disorder is an allergy.

In additional embodiments the immune related disease or disorder is an autoimmune disease. As used herein, an “autoimmune disease” is a disease or disorder directed at a subject's own tissues. Examples of autoimmune diseases include, but are not limited to Addison's Disease, Adult-onset Still's disease, Alopecia Areata, Alzheimer's disease, Anti-neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies (ANCA)-Associated Vasculitis, Ankylosing Spondylitis, Anti-phospholipid Syndrome (Hughes' Syndrome), Aplastic Anemia, Arthritis, Asthma, Atherosclerosis, Atherosclerotic plaque, Atopic Dermatitis, Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia, Autoimmune Hepatitis, Autoimmune Hypophysitis (Lymphocytic Hypophysitis), Autoimmune Inner Ear Disease, Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome, Autoimmune Myocarditis, Autoimmune Neutropenia, Autoimmune Oophoritis, Autoimmune Orchitis, Auto-Inflammatory Diseases requiring an immunosuppressive treatment, Azoospermia, Bechet's Disease, Berger's Disease, Bullous Pemphigoid, Cardiomyopathy, Cardiovascular disease, Celiac disease including Refractory Celiac Disease (type I and type II), Chronic Fatigue Immune Dysfunction Syndrome (CFIDS), Chronic Idiopathic Polyneuritis, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIPD), Chronic Relapsing Polyneuropathy (Guillain-Barre syndrome), Churg-Strauss Syndrome (CSS), Cicatricial Pemphigoid, Cold Agglutinin Disease (CAD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), CREST Syndrome, Cryoglobulin Syndromes, Cutaneous Lupus, Dermatitis Herpetiformis, Dermatomyositis, Eczema, Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita, Essential Mixed Cryoglobulinemia, Evan's Syndrome, Exophthalmos, Fibromyalgia, Goodpasture's Syndrome, Grave's disease, Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) (including Type 1 Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis), Histiocytosis/Histiocytic Disorders, Hashimoto's Thyroiditis, Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis, Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura (ITP), IgA Nephropathy, Immunoproliferative Diseases or Disorders, Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), Interstitial Lung Disease, Juvenile Arthritis, Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA), Kawasaki's Disease, Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome, Lichen Planus, Localized Scleroderma, Lupus Nephritis, Ménière's Disease, Microangiopathic Hemoytic Anemia, Microscopic Polyangitis, Miller Fischer Syndrome/Acute Disseminated Encephalomyeloradiculopathy, Mixed Connective Tissue Disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Muscular Rheumatism, Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME), Myasthenia Gravis, Ocular Inflammation, Pemphigus Foliaceus, Pemphigus Vulgaris, Pernicious Anemia, Polyarteritis Nodosa, Polychondritis, Polyglandular Syndromes (Whitaker's syndrome), Polymyalgia Rheumatica, Polymyositis, Primary Agammaglobulinemia, Primary Biliary Cirrhosis/Autoimmune Cholangiopathy, Primary Glomerulonephritis, Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis, Psoriasis, Psoriatic Arthritis, Pure Red Cell Anemia, Raynaud's Phenomenon, Reiter's Syndrome/Reactive Arthritis, Relapsing Polychondritis, Restenosis, Rheumatic Fever, Rheumatic Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Sarcoidosis, Schmidt's Syndrome, Scleroderma/Systemic Sclerosis, Sjörgen's Syndrome, Stiff-Man Syndrome, The Sweet Syndrome (Febrile Neutrophilic Dermatosis), Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Systemic Scleroderma, Takayasu Arteritis, Temporal Arteritis/Giant Cell Arteritis, Thyroiditis, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, Uveitis, Vasculitis, Vitiligo, Wegener's Granulomatosis, and X-linked lymphoproliferative disease.

Of particular interest are diseases and disorders which are mainly driven by T-cell activation and proliferation, including:

-   -   diseases and disorders which are not linked to alloreactivity         including:         -   Alopecia areata, atopic dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis,             lichen planus, psoriatic arthritis, vitiligo;         -   Uveitis;         -   Ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome/reactive             arthritis;         -   Aplastic anemia, autoimmune lymphoproliferative             syndrome/disorders, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis;         -   Type 1 diabetes; and         -   Refractory celiac disease;     -   Acute rejection of grafted tissues and transplanted organs;         acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) after transplantation of         bone marrow cells or any other source of allogenic cells         including hematopoietic precursors cells and/or stem cells.

Also of interest are diseases and disorders which are driven by both T- and B-cell activation and proliferation, with an important involvement of B-cells, including:

-   -   diseases and disorders for which the involvement of pathogenic         auto-antibodies is well characterized, including:         -   Allergy;         -   Cicatricial pemphigoid, bullous pemphigoid, epidermolysis             bullosa acquisita, pemphigus foliaceus, pemphigus vulgaris,             dermatitis herpetiformis;         -   ANCA-associated vasculitis and microscopic polyangitis,             vasculitis, Wegener's granulomatosis; Churg-Strauss syndrome             (CSS), polyarteritis nodosa, cryoglobulin syndromes and             essential mixed cryglobulinemia;         -   Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), antiphospholipid             syndrome (Hughes' syndrome), cutaneous lupus, lupus             nephritis, mixed connective tissue disease;         -   Thyroiditis, Hashimoto thyroiditis, Grave's disease,             exophthalmos;         -   Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune neutropenia, ITP,             pernicious anaemia, pure red cell anaemia, micro-angiopathic             hemolytic anemia;         -   Primary glomerulonephritis, Berger's disease, Goodpasture's             syndrome, IgA nephropathy; and         -   Chronic idiopathic polyneuritis, chronic inflammatory             demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIPD), chronic relapsing             polyneuropathy (Guillain-Barre syndrome), Miller Fischer             syndrome, Stiff man syndrome, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic             syndrome, myasthenia gravis.     -   diseases and disorders for which the involvement of B-cells is         less clearly characterized (although sometimes illustrated by         the efficacy of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies or intravenous         immunoglobulin infusions) and may not correspond or be limited         to the production of pathogenic antibodies (nevertheless,         non-pathogenic antibodies are sometimes described or even often         present and used as a diagnosis biomarker), including:         -   Addison's disease, autoimmune oophoritis and azoospermia,             polyglandular syndromes (Whitaker's syndrome), Schmidt's             syndrome;         -   Autoimmune myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, Kawasaki's disease;         -   Rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren's syndrome, mixed connective             tissue disease, polymyositis and dermatomyositis;             polychondritis;         -   Primary glomerulonephritis;         -   Multiple sclerosis;         -   Autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis/autoimmune             cholangiopathy,         -   Hyper acute rejection of transplanted organs;         -   Chronic rejection of graft or transplants;         -   Chronic Graft versus Host reaction/disease after             transplantation of bone marrow cells or hematopoietic             precursor cells.

Additionally of interest are diseases and disorders for which the mechanism is shared between activation/proliferation of T-cells and activation/proliferation of innate immune cells and other inflammatory cellular subpopulations (including myeloid cells such as macrophages or granulocytes) and resident cells (such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells), including:

-   -   COPD, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial lung disease,         sarcoidosis;     -   Adult onset Still's disease, juvenile idiopathic arthritis,         Systemic sclerosis, CREST syndrome where B cells and pathogen         antibodies may also play a role; the Sweet syndrome; Takayasu         arteritis, temporal arteritis/giant cell arteritis;     -   Ulcerative cholangitis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)         including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, primary         sclerosing cholangitis.

Also of interest are diseases and disorders for which the mechanism remains poorly characterized but involves the activation and proliferation of T-cells, including:

-   -   Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular syndrome, type 2 diabetes,         restenosis, chronic fatigue immune dysfuntion syndrome (CFIDS).     -   Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative disorders, including:     -   Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome and X-linked         lymphoproliferative disease.

Suitably the disease or disorder is selected from: inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis or lichen planus; acute and/or chronic GVHD such as steroid resistant acute GVHD; acute lymphoproliferative syndrome; systemic lupus erythematosus, lupus nephritis or cutaneous lupus; or transplantation. In addition, the disease or disorder may be selected from myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, and scleroderma/systemic sclerosis.

The compounds of formula (I) may be used in the treatment of cancer.

Thus, in one embodiment there is provided is a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof and/or derivative thereof, for use in the treatment of cancer.

Further, there is provided a method for treating cancer in a subject, by administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof and/or derivative thereof.

Additionally provided is the use of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof and/or derivative thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of cancer in a subject.

Suitably the cancer is a haematological cancer, such as Acute myeloid leukemia, Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Sweet Syndrome, T-cell Non-Hodgkins lymphoma (including natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma, enteropathy type T-cell lymphoma, hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma), T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, B-cell Non-Hodgkins lymphoma (including Burkitt lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Follicular lymphoma, Mantle cell lymphoma, Marginal Zone lymphoma), Hairy Cell Leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma, Lymphoblastic lymphoma, Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, Multiple myeloma, Myelodysplastic syndrome, Plasma cell myeloma, Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma, chronic myeloproliferative disorders (such as chronic myeloid leukemia, primary myelofibrosis, essential thrombocytemia, polycytemia vera) or chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Alternatively, the cancer is a non-haematological cancer, such as selected from the group consisting of bladder cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, neuroblastoma, malignant pleural mesothelioma and sarcoma, such as breast cancer and melanoma.

In addition, compounds of formula (I) may be used in enhancing recovery from vascular injury or surgery and reducing morbidity and mortality associated with neointima and restenosis in a subject. Vascular injury may occur in any vessel in the subject, such as a coronary artery, a renal artery, a carotid artery, a dialysis fistulae artery or a peripheral artery.

The compounds of formula (I) may be used in preventing, reducing, or inhibiting neointima formation. The compounds of formula (I) may be used in preventing or reducing the occurrence of restenosis, for example following surgery.

Furthermore, the compounds of formula (I) may be used in conjunction with a medical device. A medical device may be treated prior to insertion or implantation with an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a composition comprising a compound of formula (I) in order to prevent, reduce, or inhibit neointima formation following insertion or implantation of the device or graft into the subject. The device can be a device that is inserted into the subject transiently, or a device that is implanted permanently. In some embodiments, the device is a surgical device. Examples of medical devices include, but are not limited to, needles, cannulas, catheters, shunts, balloons, and implants such as stents and valves.

Suitably, the compound of formula (I) may be used in conjunction with angioplasty. The medical device may be a balloon.

Suitably the subject is a mammal, in particular the subject is a human.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

For use in therapy the compounds of the invention are usually administered as a pharmaceutical composition. The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate (e.g. salt) and/or derivative thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

In one embodiment, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate (e.g. salt) and/or derivative thereof, for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of a disease or disorder as described herein.

In a further embodiment, there is provided a method for the prophylaxis or treatment of a disease or disorder as described herein, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate (e.g. salt) and/or derivative thereof.

The invention also provides the use of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof (e.g. salt) and/or derivative thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of a disease or disorder as described herein.

The compounds of formula (I) or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or solvates and/or derivatives thereof may be administered by any convenient method, e.g. by oral, parenteral, buccal, sublingual, nasal, rectal or transdermal administration, and the pharmaceutical compositions adapted accordingly.

The compounds of formula (I) or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or solvates and/or derivatives thereof may be administered topically, for example to the eye, gut or skin. Thus, in an embodiment there is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention optionally in combination with one or more topically acceptable diluents or carriers.

A pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be delivered topically to the skin. Compositions suitable for transdermal administration include ointments, gels and patches. Such a pharmaceutical composition may also suitably be in the form of a cream, lotion, foam, powder, paste or tincture.

The pharmaceutical composition may suitably include vitamin D3 analogues (e.g calcipotriol and maxacalcitol), steroids (e.g. fluticasone propionate, betamethasone valerate and clobetasol propionate), retinoids (e.g. tazarotene), coal tar and dithranol. Topical medicaments are often used in combination with each other (e.g. a vitamin D3 and a steroid) or with further agents such as salicylic acid.

A pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be delivered topically to the eye. Such a pharmaceutical composition may suitably be in the form of eye drops or an ointment.

A pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be delivered topically to the gut. Such a pharmaceutical composition may suitably be delivered orally, such as in the form of a tablet or a capsule, or rectally, such as in the form of a suppository.

Suitably, delayed release formulations are in the form of a capsule.

The compounds of formula (I) or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and/or solvates and/or derivatives thereof which are active when given orally can be formulated as liquids or solids, e.g. as syrups, suspensions, emulsions, tablets, capsules or lozenges.

A liquid formulation will generally consist of a suspension or solution of the active ingredient (such as a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate (e.g. salt) and/or derivative thereof) in a suitable liquid carrier(s) e.g. an aqueous solvent such as water, ethanol or glycerine, or a non-aqueous solvent, such as polyethylene glycol or an oil. The formulation may also contain a suspending agent, preservative, flavouring and/or colouring agent.

A composition in the form of a tablet can be prepared using any suitable pharmaceutical carrier(s) routinely used for preparing solid formulations, such as magnesium stearate, starch, lactose, sucrose and cellulose.

A composition in the form of a capsule can be prepared using routine encapsulation procedures, e.g. pellets containing the active ingredient (such as a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate (e.g. salt) and/or derivative thereof) can be prepared using standard carriers and then filled into a hard gelatin capsule; alternatively a dispersion or suspension can be prepared using any suitable pharmaceutical carrier(s), e.g. aqueous gums, celluloses, silicates or oils and the dispersion or suspension then filled into a soft gelatin capsule.

Typical parenteral compositions consist of a solution or suspension of the active ingredient (such as a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate (e.g. salt) and/or derivative thereof) in a sterile aqueous carrier or parenterally acceptable oil, e.g. polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, lecithin, arachis oil or sesame oil. Alternatively, the solution can be lyophilised and then reconstituted with a suitable solvent just prior to administration.

Compositions for nasal administration may conveniently be formulated as aerosols, drops, gels and powders. Aerosol formulations typically comprise a solution or fine suspension of the active ingredient in a pharmaceutically acceptable aqueous or non-aqueous solvent and are usually presented in single or multidose quantities in sterile form in a sealed container which can take the form of a cartridge or refill for use with an atomising device. Alternatively the sealed container may be a disposable dispensing device such as a single dose nasal inhaler or an aerosol dispenser fitted with a metering valve. Where the dosage form comprises an aerosol dispenser, it will contain a propellant which can be a compressed gas e.g. air, or an organic propellant such as a fluoro-chloro-hydrocarbon or hydrofluorocarbon. Aerosol dosage forms can also take the form of pump-atomisers.

Compositions suitable for buccal or sublingual administration include tablets, lozenges and pastilles where the active ingredient is formulated with a carrier such as sugar and acacia, tragacanth, or gelatin and glycerin.

Compositions for rectal administration are conveniently in the form of suppositories containing a conventional suppository base such as cocoa butter.

Suitably, the composition is in unit dose form such as a tablet, capsule or ampoule.

The composition may for example contain from 0.1% to 100% by weight, for example from 10 to 60% by weight, of the active material, depending on the method of administration. The composition may contain from 0% to 99% by weight, for example 40% to 90% by weight, of the carrier, depending on the method of administration. The composition may contain from 0.05 mg to 2000 mg, for example from 1.0 mg to 500 mg, of the active material, depending on the method of administration. The composition may contain from 50 mg to 1000 mg, for example from 100 mg to 400 mg of the carrier, depending on the method of administration. The dose of the compound used in the treatment or prophylaxis of the aforementioned disorders will vary in the usual way with the seriousness of the disorders, the weight of the sufferer, and other similar factors. However, as a general guide suitable unit doses may be 0.05 mg to 1000 mg, more suitably 1.0 mg to 500 mg, and such unit doses may be administered more than once a day, for example two or three a day. Such therapy may extend for a number of weeks or months.

The invention provides, in a further aspect, a combination comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable, salt, solvate and/or derivative thereof (e.g. a combination comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof) together with a further pharmaceutically acceptable active ingredient or ingredients.

The invention provides a compound of formula (I), for use in combination with a further pharmaceutically acceptable active ingredient or ingredients.

When the compounds are used in combination with other therapeutic agents, the compounds may be administered separately, sequentially or simultaneously by any convenient route. Optimal combinations may depend on the disease or disorder. Possible combinations include those with one or more active agents selected from the list consisting of: 5-aminosalicylic acid, or a prodrug thereof (such as sulfasalazine, olsalazine or bisalazide); corticosteroids (e.g. prednisolone, methylprednisolone, or budesonide); immunosuppressants (e.g. cyclosporin, tacrolimus, sirolimus, methotrexate, azathioprine mycophenolate mofetil, leflunomide, cyclophosphamide, 6-mercaptopurine or anti-lymphocyte (or thymocyte) globulins); anti-TNF-alpha antibodies (e.g., infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol or golimumab); anti-IL12/IL23 antibodies (e.g., ustekinumab); anti-IL6 or anti-IL6R antibodies, anti-IL17 antibodies or small molecule IL12/IL23 inhibitors (e.g., apilimod); Anti-alpha-4-beta-7 antibodies (e.g., vedolizumab); MAdCAM-1 blockers (e.g., PF-00547659); antibodies against the cell adhesion molecule alpha-4-integrin (e.g., natalizumab); antibodies against the IL2 receptor alpha subunit (e.g., daclizumab or basiliximab); JAK inhibitors including JAK1 and JAK3 inhibitors (e.g., tofacitinib, baricitinib, R348); Syk inhibitors and prodrugs thereof (e.g., fostamatinib and R-406); Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors (e.g., tetomilast); HMPL-004; probiotics; Dersalazine; semapimod/CPSI-2364; and protein kinase C inhibitors (e.g. AEB-071).

For cancer, the further pharmaceutically acceptable active ingredient may be selected from anthracyclins such as doxorubicin; anti-mitotic agents such as vinblastine, paclitaxel and docetaxel; alkylating agents, for example cisplatin, carboplatin, dacarbazine and cyclophosphamide; antimetabolites, for example 5-fluorouracil, cytosine arabinoside and hydroxyurea; intercalating agents for example adriamycin and bleomycin; topoisomerase inhibitors for example etoposide, topotecan and irinotecan; thymidylate synthase inhibitors for example raltitrexed; PI3 kinase inhibitors for example idelalisib; mTor inhibitors for example everolimus and temsirolimus; proteasome inhibitors for example bortezomib; histone deacetylase inhibitors for example panobinostat or vorinostat; and hedgehog pathway blockers such as vismodegib.

The further pharmaceutically acceptable active ingredient may be selected from tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as, for example, axitinib, dasatinib, erlotinib, imatinib, nilotinib, pazopanib and sunitinib.

Anticancer antibodies may be included in a combination therapy and may be selected from the group consisting of olaratumab, daratumumab, necitumumab, dinutuximab, traztuzumab emtansine, pertuzumab, obinutuzumab, brentuximab, ofatumumab, panitumumab, catumaxomab, bevacizumab, cetuximab, tositumomab, traztuzumab, gentuzumab ozogamycin and rituximab.

Compounds or pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also be used in combination with radiotherapy.

Some of the combinations referred to above may conveniently be presented for use in the form of a pharmaceutical formulation and thus pharmaceutical formulations comprising a combination as defined above together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient comprise a further aspect of the invention. The individual components of such combinations may be administered either sequentially or simultaneously in separate or combined pharmaceutical formulations. The individual components of combinations may also be administered separately, through the same or different routes.

When a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative thereof is used in combination with a second therapeutic agent active against the same disease state the dose of each compound may differ from that when the compound is used alone. Appropriate doses will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art.

Medical Devices

In an embodiment, compounds of the invention or pharmaceutical compositions comprising said compounds may be formulated to permit incorporation into the medical device, thus providing application of the compound or composition directly to the site to prevent or treat conditions disclosed herein.

In an embodiment, the compounds of the invention or pharmaceutical composition thereof is formulated by including it within a coating onto the medical device. There are various coatings that can be utilized such as, for example, polymer coatings that can release the compound over a prescribed time period. The compound, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, can be embedded directly within the medical device. In some embodiments, the compound is coated onto or within the device in a delivery vehicle such as a microparticle or liposome that facilitates its release and delivery. In some embodiments, the compound or pharmaceutical composition is miscible in the coating.

In some embodiments, the medical device is a vascular implant such as a stent. Stents are utilized in medicine to prevent or eliminate vascular restrictions. The implants may be inserted into a restricted vessel whereby the restricted vessel is widened. Excessive growth of the adjacent cells following vascular implantation results in a restriction of the vessel particularly at the ends of the implants which results in reduced effectiveness of the implants. If a vascular implant is inserted into a human artery for the elimination of for example an arteriosclerotic stenosis, intimahyperplasia can occur within a year at the ends of the vascular implant and results in renewed stenosis (“restenosis”).

Accordingly, in some embodiments, the stents are coated or loaded with a composition including a compound of the invention or pharmaceutical composition thereof and optionally a targeting signal, a delivery vehicle, or a combination thereof. Many stents are commercially available or otherwise know in the art.

In some embodiments, the stent is a drug-eluting stent. Various drug eluting stents that simultaneously deliver a therapeutic substance to the treatment site while providing artificial radial support to the wall tissue are known in the art. Endoluminal devices including stents are sometimes coated on their outer surfaces with a substance such as a drug releasing agent, growth factor, or the like. Stents have also been developed having a hollow tubular structure with holes or ports cut through the sidewall to allow drug elution from a central lumen. Although the hollow nature of the stent allows the central lumen to be loaded with a drug solution that is delivered via the ports or holes in the sidewall of the stent, the hollow tubular structure may not have suitable mechanical strength to provide adequate scaffolding in the vessel.

In some embodiments, the devices are also coated or impregnated with a compound of the invention, or pharmaceutical composition thereof and one or more additional therapeutic agents, including, but not limited to, antiplatelet agents, anticoagulant agents, anti-inflammatory agents, antimicrobial agents, antimetabolic agents, additional anti-neointima agents, additional antiproliferative agents, immunomodulators, antiproliferative agents, agents that affect migration and extracellular matrix production, agents that affect platelet deposition or formation of thrombis, and agents that promote vascular healing and re-endothelialization, such as those and others described in Sousa et al. (2003) and Salu et al. (2004).

Examples of antithrombin agents include, but are not limited to, Heparin (including low molecular heparin), R-Hirudin, Hirulog, Argatroban, Efegatran, Tick anticoagulant peptide, and Ppack.

Examples of antiproliferative agents include, but are not limited to, Paclitaxel (Taxol), QP-2 Vincristin, Methotrexat, Angiopeptin, Mitomycin, BCP 678, Antisense c-myc, ABT 578, Actinomycin-D, RestenASE, 1-Chlor-deoxyadenosin, PCNA Ribozym, and Celecoxib.

Examples of anti-restenosis agents include, but are not limited to, immunomodulators such as Sirolimus (Rapamycin), Tacrolimus, Biorest, Mizoribin, Cyclosporin, Interferon-γ Ib, Leflunomid, Tranilast, Corticosteroide, Mycophenolic acid and Biphosphonate.

Examples of anti-migratory agents and extracellular matrix modulators include, but are not limited to Halofuginone, Propyl-hydroxylase-Inhibitors, C-Proteinase-Inhibitors, MMP-Inhibitors, Batimastat, Probucol.

Examples of antiplatelet agents include, but are not limited to, heparin.

Examples of wound healing agents and endothelialization promoters include vascular epithelial growth factor (“VEGF”), 17-Estradiol, Tkase-Inhibitors, BCP 671, Statins, nitric oxide (“NO”)-Donors, and endothelial progenitor cell (“EPC”)-antibodies.

Besides coronary applications, drugs and active agents may be incorporated into the stent or stent coating for other indications. For example, in urological applications, antibiotic agents may be incorporated into the stent or stent coating for the prevention of infection. In gastroenterological and urological applications, active agents may be incorporated into the stent or stent coating for the local treatment of carcinoma. It may also be advantageous to incorporate in or on the stent a contrast agent, radiopaque markers, or other additives to allow the stent to be imaged in vivo for tracking, positioning, and other purposes. Such additives could be added to the absorbable composition used to make the stent or stent coating, or absorbed into, melted onto, or sprayed onto the surface of part or all of the stent. Preferred additives for this purpose include silver, iodine and iodine labeled compounds, barium sulfate, gadolinium oxide, bismuth derivatives, zirconium dioxide, cadmium, tungsten, gold tantalum, bismuth, platinum, iridium, and rhodium. These additives may be, but are not limited to, mircro- or nano-sized particles or nano particles. Radio-opacity may be determined by fluoroscopy or by x-ray analysis.

A compound of the invention and one or more additional agents, or pharmaceutical composition thereof, can be incorporated into the stent, either by loading the compound and one or more additional agents, or pharmaceutical composition thereof into the absorbable material prior to processing, and/or coating the surface of the stent with the agent(s). The rate of release of agent may be controlled by a number of methods including varying the following the ratio of the absorbable material to the compound and one or more additional agents, or pharmaceutical composition, the molecular weight of the absorbable material, the composition of the compound and one or more additional agents, or pharmaceutical composition, the composition of the absorbable polymer, the coating thickness, the number of coating layers and their relative thicknesses, and/or the compound and one or more additional agents, or pharmaceutical composition concentration. Top coats of polymers and other materials, including absorbable polymers, may also be applied to active agent coatings to control the rate of release. For example, P4HB can be applied as a top coat on a metallic stent coated with P4HB including an active agent to retard the release of the active agent.

The invention is further exemplified by the following non-limiting examples.

EXAMPLES

Abbreviations used herein are defined below. Any abbreviations not defined are intended to convey their generally accepted meaning.

ABBREVIATIONS

-   AcOH glacial acetic acid -   AlMe₃ trimethylaluminium -   aq aqueous -   Ar aromatic ring -   BEH ethylene bridged hybrid -   Bispin bis(pinacolato)diboron;     4,4,4′,4′,5,5,5′,5′-Octamethyl-2,2′-bi-1,3,2-dioxaborolane -   Bz benzyl (CH₂-phenyl) -   BOC tert-butyloxycarbonyl protecting group -   Cs₂CO₃ cesium carbonate -   CSH charged surface hybrid -   d doublet -   DCM dichloromethane -   DIBAL-H diisobutylaluminium hydride -   DIPEA N,N-diisopropylethylamine -   dioxane 1,4-dioxane -   DMF N,N-dimethylformamide -   DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide -   DPPA diphenylphosphoryl azide -   dppf 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene -   (ES⁺) electrospray ionisation, positive mode -   (ES⁻) electrospray ionisation, negative mode -   ESI electrospray ionisation -   Et ethyl -   EtMgBr ethyl magnesium bromide -   EtOAc ethyl acetate -   EtOH ethanol -   Fmoc fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl -   g grams -   HATU     1-[bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium     3-oxid hexafluorophosphate -   HCl hydrochloric acid -   HPLC high performance liquid chromatography -   hr(s) hour(s) -   H₂SO₄ sulfuric acid -   IC₅₀ 50% inhibitory concentration -   K₂CO₃ potassium carbonate -   LCMS liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry -   LiOH lithium hydroxide -   (M+H)⁺ protonated molecular ion -   (M−H)⁻ unprotonated molecular ion -   M molar concentration -   mL millilitre -   mm millimeter -   mmol millimole -   MgSO₄ magnesium sulfate -   Me methyl -   MeCN acetonitrile -   MeMgBr methyl magnesium bromide -   MeOH methanol -   MHz megahertz -   min(s) minute(s) -   MSD mass selective detector -   m/z mass-to-charge ratio -   N₂ nitrogen gas -   NH₃ ammonia -   NH₄Cl ammonium chloride -   NaH sodium hydride -   Na₂SO₄ sodium sulfate -   NaHCO₃ sodium bicarbonate -   nM nanomolar -   nm nanometre -   NMR nuclear magnetic resonance (spectroscopy) -   PDA photodiode array -   PdCl₂(dppf)·CH₂Cl₂     [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II)     dichloromethane -   prep HPLC preparative high performance liquid chromatography -   Ph phenyl -   pos/neg positive/negative -   q quartet -   RT room temperature -   Rt retention time -   RP reverse phase -   s singlet -   S_(N)Ar nucleophilic aromatic substitution -   sat saturated -   SCX solid supported cation exchange (resin) -   t triplet -   T3P     2,4,6-tripropyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphorinane-2,4,6-trioxide -   TBME tert-butyl methyl ether -   TFA trifluoroacetic acid -   TMSOK potassium trimethylsilanolate -   THE tetrahydrofuran -   UPLC ultra performance liquid chromatography -   UV ultraviolet -   v/v volume/volume -   VWD variable wave detector -   wt weight -   um micrometre -   uM micromolar -   uL microlitre

General Procedures

All starting materials and solvents were obtained either from commercial sources or prepared according to the literature. Unless otherwise stated all reactions were stirred. Organic solutions were routinely dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate or sodium sulfate. Hydrogenations were performed on a Thales H-cube flow reactor under the conditions stated.

Column chromatography was performed on pre-packed silica (230-400 mesh, 40-63 um) cartridges using the amount indicated. SCX was purchased from Supelco and treated with 1 M hydrochloric acid prior to use. Unless stated otherwise the reaction mixture to be purified was first diluted with MeOH and made acidic with a few drops of AcOH. This solution was loaded directly onto the SCX and washed with MeOH. The desired material was then eluted by washing with 0.7 M NH₃ in MeOH.

Preparative Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

Prep HPLC

Acidic Prep

Waters X-Select CSH column C18, 5 um (19×50 mm), flow rate 28 mL min⁻¹ eluting with a H₂O-MeCN gradient containing 0.1% v/v formic acid over 6.5 min using UV detection at 254 nm.

Basic Prep

Waters X-Bridge Prep column C18, 5 um (19×50 mm), flow rate 28 mL min⁻¹ eluting with a 10 mM NH₄HCO₃-MeCN gradient over 6.5 min using UV detection at 254 nm.

Prep Chiral HPLC

Chiral Method A: Chiralpak® IA (Daicel Ltd.) column (2×25 cm), flow rate 13.5 mL min⁻¹ eluting with a mixture of (30%) EtOH in a 4:1 mixture of heptane+0.2% TFA and CHCl₃, UV detection at 254 nm. Samples were loaded onto the column via an at-column dilution pump, pumping (EtOH) (1.5 mL min⁻¹) for the duration of the run, giving a combined flow rate of 15 mL min⁻¹

Chiral Method B: Chiralpak® IA (Daicel Ltd.) column (2×25 cm), flow rate 13.5 mL min⁻¹ eluting with a mixture of (40%) EtOH in a 4:1 mixture of heptane+0.2% TFA and CHCl₃, UV detection at 254 nm. Samples were loaded onto the column via an at-column dilution pump, pumping (EtOH) (1.5 mL min⁻¹) for the duration of the run, giving a combined flow rate of 15 mL min⁻¹

Analytical Methods

Reverse Phase HPLC Conditions for the LCMS Analytical Methods

HPLC acidic: Acidic LCMS 4 minute (5-95%)

Analytical LCMS was carried out using a Waters X-Select CSH C18, 2.5 um, 4.6×30 mm column eluting with a gradient of 0.1% formic acid in MeCN in 0.1% formic acid in water. The gradient from 5-95% 0.1% formic acid in MeCN occurred between 0.00-3.00 minutes at 2.5 mL/min with a flush from 3.01-3.5 minutes at 4.5 mL/min. A column re-equilibration to 5% MeCN was from 3.60-4.00 minutes at 2.5 mL/min. UV spectra of the eluted peaks were measured using an Agilent 1260 Infinity VWD at 254 nm. Mass spectra were measured using an Agilent 6120 MSD running with positive/negative switching.

HPLC basic: Basic LCMS 4 minute (5-95%)

Analytical LCMS was carried out using a Waters X-Select BEH C18, 2.5 um, 4.6×30 mm column eluting with a gradient of MeCN in aqueous 10 mM ammonium bicarbonate. The gradient from 5-95% MeCN occurred between 0.00-3.00 minutes at 2.5 mL/min with a flush from 3.01-3.5 minutes at 4.5 mL/min. A column re-equilibration to 5% MeCN was from 3.60-4.00 minutes at 2.5 mL/min. UV spectra of the eluted peaks were measured using an Agilent 1260 Infinity VWD at 254 nm. Mass spectra were measured using an Agilent 6120 MSD running with positive/negative switching.

Reverse Phase HPLC Conditions for the UPLC Analytical Methods

UPLC acidic: Acidic UPLC 3 minute

Analytical UPLC/MS was carried out using a Waters Acquity CSH C18, 1.7 um, 2.1×30 mm column eluting with a gradient of 0.1% formic acid in MeCN in 0.1% formic acid in water. The gradient was structured with a starting point of 5% MeCN held from 0.0-0.11 minutes. The gradient from 5-95% occurred between 0.11-2.15 minutes with a flush from 2.15-2.56 minutes. A column re-equilibration to 5% MeCN was from 2.56-2.83 minutes. UV spectra of the eluted peaks were measured using an Acquity PDA and mass spectra were recorded using an Acquity QDa detector with ESI positive/negative switching.

UPLC basic: Basic UPLC 3 minute

Analytical UPLC/MS was carried out using a Waters Acquity BEH C18, 1.7 um, 2.1×30 mm column eluting with a gradient of MeCN in aqueous 10 mM ammonium bicarbonate. The gradient was structured with a starting point of 5% MeCN held from 0.0-0.11 minutes. The gradient from 5-95% occurred between 0.11-2.15 minutes with a flush from 2.15-2.56 minutes. A column re-equilibration to 5% MeCN was from 2.56-2.83 minutes. UV spectra of the eluted peaks were measured using an Acquity PDA and mass spectra were recorded using an Acquity QDa detector with ESI positive/negative switching.

Column temperature was 40° C. in all runs. Injection volume was 3 uL and the flow rate was 0.77 mL/min. PDA scan from 210-400 nm was conducted on all runs.

Normal Phase HPLC Conditions for the Chiral Analytical Methods

Chiral IA method 1: Chiral HPLC (Daicel Chiralpak IA, 5 um, 4.6×250 mm, 1.0 mL/min, 5-95% (gradient over 45 min) EtOH (0.2% TFA) in [4:1 heptane (0.2% TFA):CHCl₃].

Chiral IA method 2: Chiral HPLC (Daicel Chiralpak IA, 5 um, 4.6×250 mm, 1.0 mL/min, Isocratic 40% EtOH (0.2% TFA) in [4:1 heptane (0.2% TFA):CHCl₃].

Chiral IC method 1: Chiral HPLC (Daicel Chiralpak IA, 5 um, 4.6×250 mm, 0.5 mL/min, Isocratic 70% EtOH (0.2% TFA) in [4:1 iso-hexane (0.2% TFA):CHCl₃].

¹H NMR Spectroscopy

¹H NMR spectra were acquired on a Bruker Avance 11 spectrometer at 400 MHz or Bruker Avance III HD spectrometer at 500 MHz using residual undeuterated solvent as reference and unless specified otherwise were run in DMSO-d₆.

Preparation of Intermediates

Known synthetic intermediates were procured from commercial sources or were obtained using published literature procedures. Additional intermediates were prepared by the representative synthetic processes described herein.

Ethyl 2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazole-4-carboxylate INTE1

A solution of ethyl 2-aminothiazole-4-carboxylate (6.49 g, 37.7 mmol) and cyclopropanesulfonyl chloride (4 mL, 39.5 mmol) in pyridine (15 mL) was warmed to 40° C. and stirred for 48 hrs. The reaction mixture was taken up in DMSO (20 mL) and the crude product was purified by reverse phase chromatography on C18 silica (330 g column, 10-20% MeCN/10 mM ammonium bicarbonate) to afford the product which was then taken up in EtOAc (300 mL) and washed with 1 M HCl (aq, 300 mL) and brine (150 mL). The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford ethyl 2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazole-4-carboxylate (4.7 g, 15.31 mmol, 41% yield) as an orange oil; Rt 1.36 min (HPLC acidic); m/z 277 (M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.14 (s, 1H), 7.72 (s, 1H), 4.28 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.72-2.58 (m, 1H), 1.29 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.01-0.81 (m, 4H).

N-(4-Formylthiazol-2-yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide INTE2

A solution of ethyl 2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazole-4-carboxylate INTE1 (1.0 g, 3.62 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was cooled to −78° C. whereupon DIBAL-H (1 M in DCM) (14.5 mL, 14.5 mmol) was added dropwise over 30 mins. The reaction was then stirred at this temperature for 2 hrs. MeOH (1.5 mL) was added cautiously before the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to RT. DCM (50 mL) was then added, followed by 1 M HCl (aq, 90 mL) with vigorous stirring. The mixture was stirred for 10 mins before being passed through a phase separator and further extracting with DCM (50 mL). The organic layers were combined and concentrated onto silica (2 g) and the crude product was purified by chromatography on silica (40 g column, 20-80% EtOAc/iso-hexanes) to afford N-(4-formylthiazol-2-yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide (122 mg, 0.5 mmol, 14% yield) as a colourless gum; Rt 0.53 min (UPLC acidic); m/z 233 (M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.17 (s, 1H), 9.52 (s, 1H), 8.06 (s, 1H), 2.73-2.57 (m, 1H), 1.04-0.67 (m, 4H).

2-(Cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazole-4-carboxylic acid INTE3

A solution of ethyl 2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazole-4-carboxylate INTE1 (1.3 g, 4.70 mmol) in 2 M LiOH (aq, 4.70 mL, 9.41 mmol), MeOH (1 mL) and THE (6 mL) was stirred at RT. The reaction mixture was part concentrated (to approx. 6 mL) then acidified with 1 M HCl (aq. 12 mL). The aqueous layer was then extracted with EtOAc (3×20 mL), then the organic phases were combined, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford 2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazole-4-carboxylic acid (910 mg, 3.59 mmol, 76% yield) as a colourless solid; Rt 0.65 min (UPLC acidic); m/z 249 (M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.83-12.58 (br. s, 2H), 7.61 (s, 1H), 2.67-2.58 (m, 1H), 1.07-0.73 (m, 4H).

2-(Cyclopropanesulfonamido)-N-methoxy-N-methylthiazole-4-carboxamide INTE4

A solution of 2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazole-4-carboxylic acid INTE3 (910 mg, 3.67 mmol) and N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (358 mg, 3.67 mmol) in DMF (6 mL) was treated with DIPEA (2.2 mL, 12.8 mmol) and stirred for 5 mins before HATU (1.3 g, 3.67 mmol) was added, the reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 20 hrs. The reaction mixture was taken up in 1 M HCl (aq, 50 mL) which was extracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The organic phases were combined, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated onto silica (5 g). The crude product was purified by chromatography on silica (24 g column, 0-100% EtOAc/iso-hexanes) to afford 2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)-N-methoxy-N-methylthiazole-4-carboxamide (786 mg, 2.64 mmol, 72% yield) as a colourless solid; Rt 0.73 min (UPLC acidic); m/z 292 (M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.75 (s, 1H), 7.58 (s, 1H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.26 (s, 3H), 2.68-2.58 (m, 1H), 1.00-0.84 (m, 4H).

N-(4-Propionylthiazol-2-yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide INTE5

A suspension of 2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)-N-methoxy-N-methylthiazole-4-carboxamide INTE4 (2.5 g, 8.58 mmol) in THE (100 mL) at 40° C. was treated dropwise with 2 M EtMgCl (THF, 8.6 mL, 17.2 mmol). The reaction mixture was maintained at 40° C. for 18 hrs. The reaction mixture was quenched by addition of NH₄Cl (sat. aq, 30 mL) followed by EtOAc (50 mL) and water (20 mL). The phases were partitioned and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (50 mL), the organic phases were combined, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated onto silica (10 g). The crude product was purified by chromatography on silica (24 g column, 0-50% EtOAc/iso-hexanes) to afford N-(4-propionylthiazol-2-yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide (1.9 g, 5.84 mmol, 68% yield) as an off white gum; Rt 1.24 min (HPLC acidic); m/z 261 (M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.92 (s, 1H), 7.95 (s, 1H), 2.86 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.68-2.58 (m, 1H), 1.05 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.97-0.80 (m, 4H).

N-(4-acetylthiazol-2-yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide INTE21

Prepared as for INTE1 using commercial 1-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)ethanone to afford N-(4-acetylthiazol-2-yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide (30% yield) as a yellow gum. Rt 1.00 (HPLC acidic); m/z 247 (M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 12.92 (s, 1H), 7.98 (s, 1H), 2.70-2.58 (m, 1H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 1.00-0.80 (m, 4H).

Method A: Reductive Amination

A solution of aldehyde/ketone (1 eq.) in THE was treated with AcOH (1 eq.), amine (1 eq.) and a reducing agent such as STAB (1.2 eq.) and stirred at RT for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was quenched by addition of MeOH then loaded directly on to SCX (1 g/mmol of substrate), washed with MeOH and the product was eluted with 1 M NH₃ in MeOH. The crude product was then concentrated onto silica and purified by normal phase chromatography.

TABLE 1 The following intermediates were made according to Method A. Synthesis Method, [LCMS Method], Name/Structure m/z (All examples containing chiral centres (M + H)⁺, ¹H NMR Chemical Shift Data INT are racemates unless stated) (Rt/min) (DMSO-d₆ unless stated) INTE6 N-(4-(((2,4- Using 7.23 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 6.56 (d, J = dimethoxybenzyl)amino)methyl)thiazol-2- INTE2 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.52 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide  

[HPLC acidic], 384 (0.99). 1H), 6.50 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.74 (s, 2H), 3.63-3.61 (m, 2H), 2.49-2.45 (m, 1H), 0.89-0.72 (m, 4H), zwitterion, 2 × N—H not observed. INTE7 N-(4-(1-((2,4- Using 7.18 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 6.59-6.37 dimethoxybenzyl)amino)propyl)thiazol-2- INTE5 (m, 3H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.75 (s, 3H), yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide  

[UPLC acidic], 412 (0.62). 3.64-3.43 (m, 3H), 2.58-2.52 (m, 1H), 1.76-1.57 (m, 2H), 0.91- 0.81 (m, 4H), 0.78 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H), 2 × N—H not observed. INTE8 N-(4-(1-((4- Using 12.11 (v. br. s, 1H), 7.26-7.18 (m, methoxybenzyl)(methyl)amino)propyl)thiazol- INTE5, 2H), 6.91-6.83 (m, 2H), 6.58 (s, 2-yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide  

[HPLC basic], 396 (1.63). 1H), 3.73 (s, 3H), 3.55-3.42 (m, 2H), 3.39-3.26 (m, 1H), 2.65- 2.57 (m, 1H), 1.99 (s, 3H), 1.91- 1.57 (m, 2H), 0.97-0.84 (m, 5H), 0.75-0.65 (m, 2H). INTE22 N-(4-(1-((2,4- Using None recorded dimethoxybenzyl)amino)ethyl)thiazol-2- INTE21 yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide  

[HPLC basic], 398 (1.43).

Method B: Benzylamine Deprotection (TFA)

Benzylamine derivative (1 eq.) was dissolved in TEA (50 eq.) and heated to 70° C. for 1-24 hrs. The reaction was allowed to cool to RT, then was loaded on to SCX (1 g/mmol of substrate) and washed with MeOH. The required compound was eluted with 1% NH₃ in MeOH.

TABLE 2 The following intermediates were made according to Method B. Synthesis Method, Name/Structure [LCMS (All examples containing chiral Method], centres are racemates unless m/z (M + H)⁺, ¹H NMR Chemical Shift Data INT stated) (Rt/min) (DMSO-d₆ unless stated) INTE9 N-(4-(aminomethyl)thiazol-2- Using 6.44 (s, 1H), 3.79-3.70 (m, 2H), 2.46- yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide  

INTE6, [UPLC basic], 234 (0.23). 2.33 (m, 1H), 0.85-0.75 (m, 2H), 0.74- 0.61 (m, 2H), 3 × NH not observed. INTE10 N-(4-(1-aminopropyl)thiazol-2- Using 8.00 (v. br. s, 3H), 6.43 (s, 1H), 3.98- yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide  

INTE7, [HPLC basic], 262 (M + H)⁺ (ES⁺); (0.51). 3.73 (m, 1H, obscured by impurity), 2.42- 2.28 (m, 1H), 1.92-1.62 (m, 2H), 0.95- 0.40 (m, 7H). INTE11 N-(4-(1- Using 6.49 (s, 1H), 3.70-3.57 (m, 1H), 2.44- (methylamino)propyl)thiazol-2- INTE8, 2.34 (m, 1H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 1.82-1.69 (m, yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide  

[HPLC acidic], 276 (0.34). 2H), 0.84-0.74 (m, 5H), 0.74-0.66 (m, 2H), 2 × NH not observed INTE23 N-(4-(1-aminoethyl)thiazol-2- Using 6.39 (d, J = 0.8 Hz, 1H), 4.16-4.02 (m, yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide  

INTE21, No Data recorded 1H), 2.46-2.26 (m, 1H), 1.41 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H), 0.84-0.73 (m, 2H), 0.72-0.56 (m, 2H), 3 × exchangeable N—H not observed.

N-(4-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazol-2-yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide INTE12

A solution of ethyl 2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazole-4-carboxylate INTE1 (2.7 g, 9.77 mmol) in THE (30 mL) was cooled to 0° C. then MeMgBr (3.4 M in THF, 14.4 mL, 48.9 mmol) was added dropwise, over approx. 20 mins, maintaining the temperature below 10° C. Once addition was complete the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to RT and was stirred for 24 hrs. The reaction mixture was cooled with an ice bath and NH₄Cl (sat. aq, 10 mL) was added cautiously, resulting in precipitate formation. 1 M HCl (aq, 50 mL) was added and the reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The organic phases were combined, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated onto silica (10 g). The product was then purified by chromatography on silica (24 g column, 0-100% EtOAc/iso-hexanes) to afford N-(4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazol-2-yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide (1.03 g, 3.53 mmol, 36% yield) as a pale yellow solid: Rt 1.05 min (HPLC acidic); m/z 263 (M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.44 (s, 1H), 6.42 (s, 1H), 5.35 (s, 1H), 2.64-2.54 (m, 1H), 1.40 (s, 6H), 0.96-0.74 (m, 4H).

2-Chloro-N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)acetamide INTE13

A mixture of N-(4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazol-2-yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide INTE12 (500 mg, 1.91 mmol) and 2-chloroacetonitrile (0.72 mL, 11.4 mmol) in AcOH (0.87 mL, 15 mmol) was cooled in an ice bath before H₂SO₄ (0.92 mL, 17.2 mmol) was added. The reaction was allowed to warm to RT and was stirred for 18 hrs. The solution was poured onto ice water (10 mL) and extracted with DCM (3×10 mL), partitioning with a phase separator. The crude product was purified by chromatography on silica (12 g column, 0-100% EtOAc/iso-hexanes) to afford 2-chloro-N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)acetamide (574 mg, 1.61 mmol, 85% yield) as an orange gum; Rt 0.78 min (UPLC acidic); m/z 337 (³⁵Cl M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.46 (s, 1H), 8.29 (s, 1H), 6.44 (s, 1H), 4.11-3.87 (m, 2H), 2.63-2.53 (m, 1H), 1.51 (s, 6H), 0.97-0.83 (m, 4H).

N-(4-(2-Aminopropan-2-yl)thiazol-2-yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide INTE14

A suspension of thiourea (154 mg, 2.03 mmol) and 2-chloro-N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)acetamide INTE13 (570 mg, 1.69 mmol) in EtOH (8 mL) was treated with AcOH (1.6 mL, 28.7 mmol) and heated to reflux for 20 hrs. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to RT. The resulting precipitate was filtered and the filtrate was loaded onto SCX (5 g), washed with MeOH and the required product was isolated by eluting with 1% NH₃ in MeOH to afford N-(4-(2-aminopropan-2-yl)thiazol-2-yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide (479 mg, 1.80 mmol, quant. yield) as a slightly pink solid; Rt 0.50 min (UPLC basic); m/z 262 (M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 6.38 (s, 1H), 2.44-2.21 (m, 1H), 1.49 (s, 6H), 0.89-0.35 (m, 4H), 3×H exchangeable protons were very broad and are not reported.

N-(4-(3-hydroxypentan-3-yl)thiazol-2-yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide INTE15

A solution of ethyl 2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazole-4-carboxylate INTE1 (3 g, 10.86 mmol) in THE (50 mL) was cooled to 0° C., then EtMgBr (2 M in THF) (27.1 mL, 54.3 mmol) was added dropwise over approx. 20 mins, maintaining the temperature below 20° C. Once addition was complete the reaction mixture was warmed to RT and was stirred for 1 hr after which the reaction mixture was cooled with an ice bath and 1 M HCl (aq, 65 mL) was added cautiously. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The organic phases were combined, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated onto silica (10 g). The product was purified by chromatography on silica (24 g column, 0-100% EtOAc/iso-hexanes) to afford N-(4-(3-hydroxypentan-3-yl)thiazol-2-yl)cyclopropane sulfonamide (2.13 g, 6.97 mmol, 64% yield) as a colourless solid. Rt 0.86 min (UPLC, acidic); m/z 313.2 (M+Na)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.29 (s, 1H), 6.37 (s, 1H), 4.91 (s, 1H), 2.63-2.53 (m, 1H), 1.82-1.47 (m, 4H), 0.95-0.82 (m, 4H), 0.70 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 6H).

2-Chloro-N-(3-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)pentan-3-yl)acetamide INTE16

A mixture of N-(4-(3-hydroxypentan-3-yl)thiazol-2-yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide INTE15 (2.13 g, 7.33 mmol) and 2-chloroacetonitrile (2.8 mL, 44.5 mmol) in AcOH (3.4 mL, 59.4 mmol) was cooled in an ice bath before sulfuric acid (3.5 mL, 65.7 mmol) was added to afford a solution. The reaction was warmed to RT and was stirred for 18 hrs. The solution was poured onto ice water (100 mL) and extracted with DCM (3×100 mL) partitioning with a phase separator. The material was concentrated onto silica (20 g) and the crude product was purified by chromatography on silica (80 g column, 0-100% EtOAc/iso-hexanes) to afford 2-chloro-N-(3-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)pentan-3-yl)acetamide (1.62 g, 4.21 mmol, 57% yield) as a colourless solid. Rt 0.76 min (UPLC, acidic); m/z 366.2 (³⁵Cl M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.36 (s, 1H), 7.99 (s, 1H), 6.44 (s, 1H), 4.09 (s, 2H), 2.62-2.53 (m, 1H), 2.05-1.86 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.66 (m, 2H), 0.95-0.83 (m, 4H), 0.69 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 6H).

N-(4-(3-aminopentan-3-yl)thiazol-2-yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide INTE17

A solution of thiourea (0.40 g, 5.25 mmol) and 2-chloro-N-(3-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)pentan-3-yl)acetamide INTE16 (1.6 g, 4.37 mmol) in EtOH (20 mL) was treated with acetic acid (4.3 mL, 75 mmol) and heated to reflux for 18 hrs. The reaction mixture was cooled to RT, the resulting precipitate was filtered and the filtrate was loaded onto SCX (50 g), washed with MeOH and the product was isolated by eluting with 1% NH₃ in MeOH to afford N-(4-(3-aminopentan-3-yl)thiazol-2-yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide (1.05 g, 3.27 mmol, 75% yield) as a colourless solid. Rt 0.56 min (HPLC, basic); m/z 273.0 (M-NH₂+H)+(ES⁺); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.70 (v. br s, 3H), 6.34 (s, 1H), 2.41-2.29 (m, 1H), 1.80 (app. q, J=7.4 Hz, 4H), 0.83-0.76 (m, 6H), 0.73-0.60 (m, 4H).

Methyl 2-(2-bromothiazol-4-yl)-4-methoxybutanoate INTE24

To an ice cold solution of commercial methyl 2-(2-bromothiazol-4-yl)acetate (5.0 g, 21.9 mmol) in DMF (30 mL) was added NaH (60 wt % in mineral oil 0.93 g, 23.3 mmol) portion-wise over 5 min. The resulting mixture was allowed to warm to RT under vigorous stirring for 10 min, then cooled to 0° C. before a solution of 1-bromo-2-methoxyethane (2.09 mL, 22.24 mmol) in DMF (15 mL) was added dropwise over 1 min. The resulting mixture was allowed to warm to RT and stirred for 2 hrs. The mixture was carefully poured into sat. NH₄Cl (aq, 100 mL) and the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (3×20 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was purified by chromatography on silica gel (120 g column, 0-20% EtOAc/iso-hexane) to afford methyl 2-(2-bromothiazol-4-yl)-4-methoxybutanoate (3.35 g, 11.27 mmol, 53% yield) as an orange oil. Rt 1.14 (UPLC acidic); m/z 296 (⁸¹Br M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.59 (s, 1H), 3.96 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 3.61 (s, 3H), 3.31-3.19 (m, 2H), 3.18 (s, 3H), 2.26-2.14 (m, 1H), 2.09-1.95 (m, 1H).

2-(2-Bromothiazol-4-yl)-4-methoxybutanoic acid INTE25

Prepared as for INTE3 using methyl 2-(2-bromothiazol-4-yl)-4-methoxybutanoate INTE24 to afford 2-(2-bromothiazol-4-yl)-4-methoxybutanoic acid (99% yield) as a white solid. Rt 0.92 (UPLC acidic); m/z 280 (⁷⁹Br M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 12.55 (s, 1H), 7.54 (s, 1H), 3.84 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 3.30-3.26 (m, 1H), 3.26-3.20 (m, 1H), 3.20 (s, 3H), 2.21-2.12 (m, 1H), 2.02-1.93 (m, 1H).

Ethyl 2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)-5-methylthiazole-4-carboxylate INTE26

Prepared as for INTE1 using commercial ethyl 2-amino-5-methylthiazole-4-carboxylate to afford ethyl 2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)-5-methylthiazole-4-carboxylate (43% yield) as an off-white solid. Rt 1.60 (HPLC acidic); m/z 291 (M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 12.78 (s, 1H), 4.27 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 2.68-2.58 (m, 1H), 2.49 (s, 3H), 1.30 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.98-0.66 (m, 4H).

Methyl 5-chloro-2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazole-4-carboxylate INTE27

Prepared as for INTE1 using commercial methyl 2-amino-5-chlorothiazole-4-carboxylate to afford methyl 5-chloro-2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazole-4-carboxylate (29% yield) as an off-white solid. Rt 1.63 (HPLC acidic); m/z 297 (³⁵Cl M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 13.07 (v. br. s, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 2.81-2.68 (m, 1H), 1.03-0.90 (m, 4H).

N-(4-(2-Hydroxypropan-2-yl)-5-methylthiazol-2-yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide INTE28

Prepared as for INTE12 using ethyl 2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)-5-methylthiazole-4-carboxylate INTE26 to afford N-(4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-5-methylthiazol-2-yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide (37% yield) as an off-white solid. Rt 1.29 (HPLC acidic); m/z 277 (M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 11.84 (s, 1H), 5.36 (s, 1H), 2.61-2.51 (m, 1H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 1.43 (s, 6H), 0.90-0.73 (m, 4H).

N-(5-Chloro-4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazol-2-yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide INTE29

Prepared as for INTE12 using methyl 5-chloro-2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazole-4-carboxylate INTE27 to afford N-(5-chloro-4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazol-2-yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide (44% yield) as an off-white solid. Rt 1.57 (HPLC acidic); m/z 297 (³⁵Cl M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 12.27 (s, 1H), 5.63 (s, 1H), 2.69-2.59 (m, 1H), 1.49 (s, 6H), 1.01-0.84 (m, 4H).

2-Chloro-N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)-5-methylthiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)acetamide INTE30

Prepared as for INTE13 using N-(4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-5-methylthiazol-2-yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide INTE28 to afford 2-chloro-N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)-5-methylthiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)acetamide (95% yield) as a yellow gum. Rt 1.36 (HPLC acidic); m/z 352 (³⁵Cl M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 11.85 (s, 1H), 8.46 (s, 1H), 4.06 (s, 2H), 2.59-2.52 (m, 1H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 1.55 (s, 6H), 0.99-0.83 (m, 4H).

2-Chloro-N-(2-(5-chloro-2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)acetamide INTE31

Prepared as for INTE13 using N-(5-chloro-4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)thiazol-2-yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide INTE29 to afford 2-chloro-N-(2-(5-chloro-2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)acetamide (97% yield) as a yellow gum. Rt 1.61 (HPLC acidic); m/z 372 (³⁵Cl M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 12.33 (s, 1H), 8.59 (s, 1H), 4.07 (s, 2H), 2.74-2.63 (m, 1H), 1.58 (s, 6H), 1.00-0.89 (m, 4H).

N-(4-(2-Aminopropan-2-yl)-5-methylthiazol-2-yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide INTE32

Prepared as for INTE14 using 2-chloro-N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)-5-methylthiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)acetamide INTE30 to afford N-(4-(2-aminopropan-2-yl)-5-methylthiazol-2-yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide (50% yield) as a white solid. Rt 1.23 (HPLC basic); m/z 276 (M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.87 (s, 3H), 2.39-2.27 (m, 1H), 2.20 (s, 3H), 1.51 (s, 6H), 0.84-0.69 (m, 2H), 0.69-0.56 (m, 2H).

N-(4-(2-Aminopropan-2-yl)-5-chlorothiazol-2-yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide INTE33

Prepared as for INTE14 using 2-chloro-N-(2-(5-chloro-2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)acetamide INT31 to afford N-(4-(2-aminopropan-2-yl)-5-chlorothiazol-2-yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide (37% yield) as a white solid. Rt 1.23 (HPLC basic); m/z 296 (³⁵Cl M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.21 (s, 3H), 2.36-2.23 (m, 1H), 1.58 (s, 6H), 0.80-0.73 (m, 2H), 0.73-0.61 (m, 2H).

tert-Butyl (1-(2-bromothiazol-4-yl)cyclopropyl)carbamate INTE34

A suspension of commercial 1-(2-bromothiazol-4-yl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (2.95 g, 11.9 mmol) in toluene (30 mL) was treated with t-BuOH (30 mL) and triethylamine (1.8 mL, 12.91 mmol) and then heated to 40° C. whereupon a solution was observed, DPPA (2.7 mL, 11.90 mmol) was then added. The reaction mixture was then heated to 100° C. for 3 hrs then allowed to cool to RT. The reaction mixture was then treated with sat. NaHCO₃ (aq, 100 mL) and EtOAc (100 mL). The phases were separated and the organic phase washed with brine (20 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The crude product was purified by chromatography on silica gel (40 g column, 0-100% EtOAc/iso-hexane) to afford tert-butyl (1-(2-bromothiazol-4-yl)cyclopropyl)carbamate (1.26 g, 3.55 mmol, 30% yield) as a colourless solid. Rt 1.23 (UPLC acidic); m/z 264 (⁷⁹Br M+H-tBu)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.76 (s, 1H), 7.14 (s, 1H), 1.40 (s, 9H), 1.26-1.21 (m, 2H), 1.12-1.05 (m, 2H).

tert-Butyl (1-(2-bromothiazol-4-yl)-3-methoxypropyl)carbamate INTE35

Prepared as for INTE34 using 2-(2-bromothiazol-4-yl)-4-methoxybutanoic acid INTE25 to afford tert-butyl (1-(2-bromothiazol-4-yl)-3-methoxypropyl)carbamate (28% yield) as a colourless solid. Rt 1.38 (UPLC basic); m/z 251 (M+H-tBu)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.37 (s, 1H), 7.32 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 4.75-4.66 (m, 1H), 3.37-3.24 (m, 2H), 3.20 (s, 3H), 2.05-1.93 (m, 1H), 1.88-1.76 (m, 1H), 1.38 (s, 9H).

tert-Butyl (1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)cyclopropyl)carbamate INTE36

A suspension of cyclopropanesulfonamide (500 mg, 4.13 mmol), tert-butyl (1-(2-bromothiazol-4-yl)cyclopropyl)carbamate (1.26 g, 3.95 mmol) INTE34 and Cs₂CO₃ (4.0 g, 12.9 mmol) in dioxane (10 mL) was degassed (N₂). To this suspension was added a degassed (N₂) solution of t-BuXPhos (170 mg, 0.40 mmol) and [Pd(allyl)Cl]₂ (75 mg, 0.204 mmol) in dioxane (5 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 18 hrs. An additional degassed (N₂) solution of t-BuXPhos (170 mg, 0.400 mmol) and [Pd(allyl)Cl]₂ (75 mg, 0.204 mmol) in dioxane (5 mL) was then added to the reaction mixture and the temperature was maintained at 90° C. for 18 hrs. The reaction mixture was cooled to RT then diluted with EtOAc (100 mL) and acidified with 1M HCl (50 mL). The phases were separated and the organic phase washed with brine (50 mL). The organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated onto silica (5 g). The crude product was purified by chromatography on silica gel (40 g column, 0-100% EtOAc/iso-hexane) to afford tert-butyl (1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)cyclopropyl)carbamate (427 mg, 1.13 mmol, 29% yield) as a colourless solid. Rt 1.72 (HPLC acidic); m/z 360 (⁷⁹Br M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 12.12 (s, 1H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 6.27 (s, 1H), 2.61-2.54 (m, 1H), 1.37 (s, 9H), 1.25-1.19 (m, 2H), 1.09-1.00 (m, 2H), 0.99-0.85 (m, 4H).

tert-Butyl (1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)-3-methoxypropyl)carbamate INTE37

Prepared as for INTE36 using tert-butyl (1-(2-bromothiazol-4-yl)-3-methoxypropyl)carbamate INTE35 to afford tert-butyl (1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)-3-methoxypropyl)carbamate (47% yield) as a colourless solid. Rt 1.71 (HPLC acidic); m/z 392 (M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 12.48 (s, 1H), 7.17 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.43 (s, 1H), 4.57-4.44 (m, 1H), 3.39-3.25 (m, 2H), 3.21 (s, 3H), 2.63-2.55 (m, 1H), 2.00-1.86 (m, 1H), 1.84-1.67 (m, 1H), 1.39 (s, 9H), 0.99-0.81 (m, 4H).

N-(4-(1-Aminocyclopropyl)thiazol-2-yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide, HCl INTE38

tert-Butyl (1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)cyclopropyl)carbamate (427 mg, 1.13 mmol) INTE36 was dissolved in 4M HCl in dioxane (5 mL) then stirred at RT for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was then concentrated in vacuo and the residue azeotroped with toluene (5 mL) then MeCN (2×5 mL) to afford N-(4-(1-aminocyclopropyl)thiazol-2-yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide, HCl (340 mg, 0.92 mmol, 82% yield) as a brown solid. Rt 0.25 (HPLC acidic); m/z 260 (M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR data not collected.

N-(4-(1-Amino-3-methoxypropyl)thiazol-2-yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide, HCl INTE39

Prepared as for INTE37 using tert-butyl (1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)-3-methoxypropyl)carbamate to afford N-(4-(1-amino-3-methoxypropyl)thiazol-2-yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide, HCl (quantitative yield) as a colourless solid. Rt 0.84 (HPLC basic); m/z 292 (M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR data not collected.

TABLE 3 The following intermediates were made according to Method 1a or 1b (see preparation of examples section for details). Synthesis Method, [LCMS Name/Structure Method], (All examples containing chiral m/z centres are racemates unless (M + H)⁺, ¹H NMR Chemical Shift Data INT stated) (Rt/min) (DMSO-d₆ unless stated) INTE18 4-Bromo-N-(2-(2- Method 1b, 12.52 (s, 1H), 8.24 (s, 1H), 7.68 (d, J = (cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4- Using 8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.26 yl)propan-2-yl)-2-methoxybenzamide  

INTE14, [UPLC acidic], 474 (1.27). (dd, J = 8.3, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.49 (s, 1H), 3.96 (s, 3H), 2.61-2.54 (m, 1H), 1.61 (s, 6H), 0.94-0.84 (m, 4H). INTE19 N-(2-(2- Method 1a, 12.55 (s, 1H), 8.27 (s, 1H), 7.90-7.85 (Cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4- Using (m, 2H), 7.76-7.71 (m, 2H), 6.46 (s, yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl- INTE14, 1H), 2.60-2.52 (m, 1H), 1.61 (s, 6H), 1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzamide  

[UPLC acidic], 492 (1.38). 1.31 (s, 12H), 0.92-0.79 (m, 4H). INTE20 N-(2-(2- Method 1a, 12.57 (s, 1H), 8.35-8.27 (m, 1H), 7.78- (Cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4- Using 7.70 (m, 1H), 7.56-7.50 (m, 1H), 7.43- yl)propan-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-(4,4,5,5- INTE14, 7.35 (m, 1H), 6.47 (s, 1H), 2.63-2.54 tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2- [UPLC (m, 1H), 1.60 (s, 6H), 1.31 (s, 12H), 0.93- yl)benzamide  

acidic], 510 (1.44). 0.82 (m, 4H).

Synthesis of Biaryl Acids and their Intermediates 2-Ethoxy-6-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyrazine INTF1

To a solution of 2-chloro-6-ethoxypyrazine (10.0 g, 59.9 mmol) in dioxane (200 mL) was successively added bispin (16.7 g, 65.9 mmol), KOAc (23.5 g, 240 mmol) and PdCl₂(dppf)-CH₂Cl₂ (2.45 g, 3.00 mmol) at RT. The resulting mixture was degassed (N₂) before heating at 110° C. for 2.5 hrs. The mixture was cooled to RT, filtered through celite and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude product was purified by chromatography on silica (220 g cartridge, 20-100% EtOAc/iso-hexanes). The crude product was then dissolved in EtOAc (20 mL) and washed with water (3×10 mL). The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The product was re-purified by chromatography on silica (330 g cartridge, 0-100% EtOAc/iso-hexanes) and the product was dissolved in EtOAc (50 mL) and washed with water (4×30 mL). The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford 2-ethoxy-6-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyrazine (2.0 g, 7.60 mmol, 13% yield) as a thick pale yellow oil. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.38 (s, 1H), 8.30 (s, 1H), 4.36 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.34 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.32 (s, 12H).

Methyl 4-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2-methylbenzoate INTF2

A solution of 2-ethoxy-6-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyrazine INTF1 (200 mg, 0.80 mmol), methyl 4-bromo-2-methylbenzoate (183 mg, 0.80 mmol) and Cs₂CO₃ (700 mg, 2.15 mmol) in a mixture of dioxane (5 mL) and water (1 mL) at 35° C. was degassed (N₂) then PdCl₂(dppf)-CH₂Cl₂ (35 mg, 0.043 mmol) was added. The mixture was degassed (N₂) then heated to 90° C. for 18 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated (to approx. 2 mL) then taken up with water (5 mL) and EtOAc (10 mL) and filtered through celite, eluting with EtOAc (20 mL).

The phases were then diluted with water (10 mL) and partitioned. The organic phase was washed with brine (10 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated onto silica (1 g). The crude product was purified by chromatography on silica (40 g cartridge, 0-30% EtOAc/iso-hexanes to afford methyl 4-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2-methylbenzoate (124 mg, 0.45 mmol, 56% yield) as a colourless solid. Rt 2.54 min (HPLC, acidic); m/z 273 (M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.88 (s, 1H), 8.29 (s, 1H), 8.11-8.08 (m, 1H), 8.05 (dd, J=8.2, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 4.49 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 2.61 (s, 3H), 1.41 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H).

Methyl 2-fluoro-4-(6-vinylpyrazin-2-yl)benzoate INTF3

A stirred solution of potassium trifluoro(vinyl)borate (900 mg, 6.72 mmol), 2,6-dichloropyrazine (1 g, 6.71 mmol) and 2 M K₂CO₃ (10 mL, 20.0 mmol) in dioxane (80 mL) at 40° C. was degassed (N₂) then treated with PdCl₂(dppf)-CH₂Cl₂ (274 mg, 0.336 mmol), degassed (N₂), then heated to 80° C. for 4 hrs. The reaction mixture was cooled to RT then (3-fluoro-4-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl)boronic acid (1.33 g, 6.71 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was heated to 100° C. for 18 hrs. The reaction mixture was cooled and concentrated (to approx. 10 mL). 1 M HCl (100 mL) and EtOAc (100 mL) were added and the reaction mixture was filtered through celite, further eluting with EtOAc (50 mL). The phases were partitioned and the organic phase was washed with brine (50 mL). The organic phase was dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated onto silica (5 g). The crude product was purified by chromatography on silica (40 g cartridge, 0-50% EtOAc/iso-hexanes) to afford methyl 2-fluoro-4-(6-vinylpyrazin-2-yl)benzoate (490 mg, 1.803 mmol, 27% yield) as a brown gum. Rt 2.24 min (HPLC, acidic); m/z 259 (M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.27 (s, 1H), 8.83 (s, 1H), 8.19 (d, J=1.0 Hz, 1H), 8.18-8.15 (m, 1H), 8.08-7.99 (m, 1H), 6.98 (dd, J=17.5, 10.9 Hz, 1H), 6.56 (dd, J=17.5, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 5.74 (dd, J=10.9, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (s, 3H).

Methyl 4-(6-ethylpyrazin-2-yl)-2-fluorobenzoate INTF4

A solution of methyl 2-fluoro-4-(6-vinylpyrazin-2-yl)benzoate INTF3 (490 mg, 1.88 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) was prepared. The reaction mixture was hydrogenated in the H-Cube (10% Pd/C, 30×4 mm, full hydrogen, 35° C., 1 mL/min). The reaction mixture was concentrated to afford methyl 4-(6-ethylpyrazin-2-yl)-2-fluorobenzoate (470 mg; 1.77 mmol; 93% yield); Rt 2.27 min (HPLC, acidic); m/z 261 (M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.20 (s, 1H), 8.63 (s, 1H), 8.15-8.09 (m, 2H), 8.07-8.00 (m, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 2.89 (q, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.32 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 3H).

Method C: Suzuki Coupling

A solution of boronic acid (1 eq), aryl halide (1.05 eq.) and Cs₂CO₃ (3 eq.) in a mixture of dioxane (40 volumes) and water (6 volumes) was degassed (N₂, 5 mins). PdCl₂(dppf)·CH₂Cl₂ (5 mol %) was added and the reaction was further degassed (N₂) before being heated to 90° C. for 18 hrs. The reaction mixture was filtered through celite before an aqueous workup was undertaken, followed by purification by normal phase chromatography.

TABLE 4 The following intermediates were made according to Method C. Synthesis Method, [LCMS Method], m/z ¹H NMR Chemical Shift Data INT Name/Structure (M + H)⁺, (Rt/min) (DMSO-d₆ unless stated) INTF5 tert-butyl 4-(5-methylpyridin-3- Using Ar2Br, 8.75 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.51- yl)benzoate  

[HPLC acidic], 270 (1.93). 8.39 (m, 1H), 8.03-7.98 (m, 3H), 7.88-7.82 (m, 2H), 2.4 (s, 3H), 1.57 (s, 9H). INTF6 tert-butyl 4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3- Using Ar2Br, 9.27 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 9.03 yl)benzoate  

[HPLC acidic], 324 (2.78). (dd, J = 2.2, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 8.61- 8.41 (m, 1H), 8.22-7.83 (m, 4H), 1.58 (s, 9H). INTF7 tert-butyl 4-(5-fluoropyridin-3- Using Ar2Br, 8.87 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.64 yl)benzoate  

[HPLC acidic], 274 (2.56). (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H), 8.22-8.09 (m, 1H), 8.06-7.98 (m, 2H), 7.98-7.89 (m, 2H), 1.57 (s, 9H). INTF8 tert-butyl 4-(6-chloropyrazin-2- Using Ar2Cl, No ¹H NMR recorded. yl)benzoate  

[UPLC acidic], 290 ³⁵Cl isotope, (1.53). INTF9 tert-butyl 4-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2- Using Ar2Cl, 9.70 (s, 1H), 9.23 (s, 1H), 8.40- yl)benzoate  

[HPLC acidic], no ionisation (2.83). 8.30 (m, 2H), 8.12-8.03 (m, 2H), 1.59 (s, 9H). INTF10 tert-butyl 4-(6-methylpyrazin-2- Using Ar2Cl, 9.24-9.02 (m, 1H), 8.57 (s, yl)benzoate  

[HPLC acidic], 271 (2.54). 1H), 8.44-8.14 (m, 2H), 8.14- 7.68 (m, 2H), 2.63-2.52 (m, 3H), 1.57 (s, 9H). INTF11 tert-butyl 4-(6-isopropoxypyrazin-2- Using Ar2Cl, 8.86 (s, 1H), 8.30-8.21 (m, yl)benzoate  

[UPLC acidic], 315 (1.97). 3H), 8.06-8.02 (m, 2H), 5.41 (hept, J = 6.2 Hz, 1H), 1.58 (s, 9H), 1.40 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 6H). INTF12 methyl 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)benzoate  

Using Ar2Cl, [HPLC acidic], 247 ³⁵Cl isotope, (2.20). 8.94 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.69 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.35 (t, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.10-8.01 (m, 2H), 8.00-7.89 (m, 2H), 3.89 (s, 3H). INTF13 methyl 2-fluoro-4-(5- Using Ar2Cl No ¹H NMR recorded. (trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)benzoate  

[HPLC acidic], 300 (2.30). INTF14 methyl 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-2- Using Ar2Br No ¹H NMR recorded. fluorobenzoate  

[HPLC acidic], 266 ³⁵Cl isotope (2.20). INTF15 methyl 2-fluoro-4-(6- Using Ar2Cl, 9.73 (s, 1H), 9.25 (s, 1H), 8.23- (trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)benzoate  

[UPLC acidic], 301 (1.53). 8.13 (m, 2H), 8.09 (dd, J = 8.5, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (s, 3H). INTF16 methyl 4-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2- Using Ar2Cl, 8.94 (s, 1H), 8.34 (s, 1H), 8.12- fluorobenzoate  

[UPLC acidic], 277 (1.53). 8.08 (m, 2H), 8.04-8.00 (m, 1H), 4.50 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 1.41 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H). INTF17 methyl 2-fluoro-4-(6-isopropoxypyrazin- Using Ar2Cl, 8.91 (s, 1H), 8.28 (s, 1H), 8.13- 2-yl)benzoate  

[UPLC acidic], 291 (1.63). 7.94 (m, 3H), 5.43 (hept, J = 6.1 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 1.39 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 6H). INTF18 tert-butyl 4-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2- Using Ar2Cl, 8.87 (s, 1H), 8.30 (s, 1H), 8.26- yl)benzoate  

[HPLC acidic], 301 (2.89). 8.22 (m, 2H), 8.06-7.98 (m, 2H), 4.48 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.57 (s, 9H), 1.40 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H). INTF19 methyl 2-fluoro-4-(6-(2,2,2- Using Ar2Cl, 9.11 (s, 1H), 8.56 (s, 1H), 8.23 trifluoroethoxy)pyrazin-2-yl)benzoate  

[HPLC acidic], 331 (2.44). (dd, J = 12.3, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 8.18 (dd, J = 8.2, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 8.06- 8.01 (m, 1H), 5.24 (q, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 3.90 (s, 3H). INTF20 tert-butyl 4-(6-(2,2,2- Using Ar2Cl, 9.06 (s, 1H), 8.52 (s, 1H), 8.44- trifluoroethoxy)pyrazin-2-yl)benzoate  

[UPLC acidic], 355 (2.88) 8.24 (m, 2H), 8.06-8.01 (m, 2H), 5.22 (q, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 1.58 (s, 9H). INTF21 methyl 4-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2- Using Ar2Cl, 9.01 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.56- (trifluoromethyl)benzoate  

[UPLC acidic], 327 (2.59) 8.52 (m, 2H), 8.37 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.01 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 4.58-4.41 (m, 2H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 1.42 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H). INTF22 methyl 2-methyl-4-(6- Using Ar2Cl, 9.69 (s, 1H), 9.21 (s, 1H), 8.19 (trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)benzoate  

[UPLC acidic], 297 (1.62) (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 8.14 (dd, J = 8.2, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 8.01 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 2.64 (s, 3H). INTF23 5-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-3- Using Ar2Cl, 9.38 (t, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 9.05 fluoropicolinonitrile  

[HPLC acidic], 245 (2.17) (s, 1H), 8.76 (dd, J = 10.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.43 (s, 1H), 4.53 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.41 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H).

Method D: Ester Deprotection with TFA

A solution of the ester (1 eq) in DCM (20 volumes) was treated with TFA (10 eq.) and stirred at RT for 3 hrs. The reaction mixture was then concentrated and azeotroped with MeOH and MeCN. No further purification was undertaken.

Method E: Ester Deprotection with Base

A solution of the ester (1 eq) in a mixture of THF/MeOH (4/1 volumes) was treated with LiOH (2.2-6 eq.) and stirred between RT and 50° C. for between 3 hrs and 18 hrs. The organic solvents were removed in vacuo then acidified with 1 M HCl and extracted with EtOAc. The organic phases were combined, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. The products were used directly in the next step with no further purification undertaken.

Method F: Potassium Salt Formation

A solution of the ester (1 eq.) in THE (4 volumes) was treated with TMSOK (1 eq.) and stirred at RT for 2 hrs before the reaction mixtures were filtered and washed with iso-hexanes. The products were used directly in the next step with no further purification undertaken.

TABLE 5 The following intermediates were made according to Method D, E or F. Synthesis Method, [LCMS Method], m/z (M + H)⁺, ¹H NMR Chemical Shift Data INT Name/Structure (Rt/min) (DMSO-d₆ unless stated) INTF24 4-(5-methylpyridin-3-yl)benzoic acid  

Method D, Using INTF5, [HPLC acidic], 214 (0.95). 9.02-8.94 (m, 1H), 8.70- 8.63 (m, 1H), 8.47 (s, 1H), 8.14-8.06 (m, 2H), 8.00- 7.90 (m, 2H), 2.49 (s, 3H), O—H not observed. INTF25 4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)benzoic acid  

Method D, Using INTF6, [HPLC acidic], 268 (2.01). 13.12 (s, 1H), 9.28 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 9.03 (dd, J = 2.2, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 8.56 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.13- 8.04 (m, 2H), 8.04-7.86 (m, 2H). INTF26 4-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)benzoic acid  

Method D, Using INTF7, [HPLC acidic], 218 (1.67). 8.87 (t, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 8.64 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H), 8.17 (ddd, J = 10.3, 2.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 8.07-8.03 (m, 2H), 7.97-7.90 (m, 2H), OH not observed. INTF27 4-(6-chloropyrazin-2-yl)benzoic acid  

Method D, Using INTF8, [HPLC acidic], 234 ³⁵Cl isotope, (1.91). No NMR recorded. INTF28 4-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)benzoic acid  

Method D, Using INTF9, [UPLC acidic], 269 (1.33). 13.25 (s, 1H), 9.70 (s, 1H), 9.23 (s, 1H), 8.42- 8.20 (m, 2H), 8.20-8.00 (m, 2H). INTF29 4-(6-methylpyrazin-2-yl)benzoic acid  

Method D, Using INTF10, [HPLC acidic], 215 (1.60). 9.13 (s, 1H), 8.57 (s, 1H), 8.31-8.23 (m, 2H), 8.09- 8.04 (m, 2H), 2.59 (s, 3H), OH not observed. INTF30 4-(6-isopropoxypyrazin-2-yl)benzoic acid  

Method D, Using INTF11, [UPLC acidic], 259 (1.40). 13.13 (s, 1H) 8.87 (s, 1H), 8.27-8.20 (m, 3H), 8.09- 8.05 (m, 2H), 5.43 (p, J = 6.2 Hz, 1H), 1.40 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 6H). INTF31 potassium 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)benzoate  

Method F, Using INTF12, [UPLC acidic], 234 ³⁵Cl isotope, ionises as free acid, (1.18). 8.87 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.59 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.23 (t, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.95-7.86 (m, 2H), 7.72- 7.55 (m, 2H). INTF32 potassium 2-fluoro-4-(5- (trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)benzoate  

Method F, Using INTF13, [HPLC acidic], 286 ionises as free acid, (2.01). 9.22 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.95 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.48 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.64-7.45 (m, 3H). INTF33 potassium 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-2- fluorobenzoate  

Method F, Using INTF14, [HPLC acidic], 251 ³⁵Cl isotope, ionises as free acid, (1.88). 8.91-8.85 (m, 1H), 8.63- 8.54 (m, 1H), 8.30-8.20 (m, 1H), 7.59-7.49 (m, 1H), 7.49-7.34 (m, 2H). INTF34 2-fluoro-4-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2- yl)benzoic acid  

Method E, Using INTF15, [HPLC acidic], 287 (2.08). 13.53 (s, 1H), 9.72 (s, 1H), 9.25 (s, 1H), 8.19- 8.12 (m, 2H), 8.11-7.99 (m, 1H). INTF35 4-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2-fluorobenzoic acid  

Method E, Using INTF16, [HPLC acidic], 263 (2.07). 13.40 (s, 1H), 8.94 (s, 1H), 8.34 (s, 1H), 8.12- 8.03 (m, 2H), 8.03-7.92 (m, 1H), 4.50 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.41 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H). INTF36 2-fluoro-4-(6-isopropoxypyrazin-2-yl)benzoic acid  

Method E, Using INTF17, [HPLC acidic], 277 (2.24). 13.53 (s, 1H), 8.90 (s, 1H), 8.27 (s, 1H), 8.08- 7.87 (m, 3H), 5.43 (hept, J = 6.2 Hz, 1H), 1.39 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 6H). INTF37 4-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)benzoic acid  

Method D, Using INTF18, [UPLC acidic], 245 (1.29) 13.15 (v. br. s, 1H), 8.89 (s, 1H), 8.31 (s, 1H), 8.29- 8.22 (m, 2H), 8.11-8.01 (m, 2H), 4.51 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.42 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H). INTF38 4-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2-methylbenzoic acid  

Method E, Using INTF2, [HPLC acidic], 259 (2.17) 12.97 (s, 1H), 8.87 (s, 1H), 8.29 (s, 1H), 8.07- 8.05 (m, 1H), 8.03 (dd, J = 8.2, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.94 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 4.49 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.62 (s, 3H), 1.41 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H). INTF39 4-(6-ethylpyrazin-2-yl)-2-fluorobenzoic acid  

Method E, Using INTF4, [HPLC acidic], 247 (1.91) 13.40 (s, 1H), 9.19 (s, 1H), 8.63 (s, 1H), 8.13- 8.05 (m, 2H), 8.01 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 2.89 (q, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.32 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H). INTF40 2-fluoro-4-(6-(2,2,2-trifluoro ethoxy)pyrazin-2- yl)benzoic acid  

Method E, Using INTF19, [UPLC acidic], 317 (1.38) 13.44 (s, 1H), 9.10 (s, 1H), 8.55 (s, 1H), 8.23- 8.12 (m, 2H), 8.03-7.95 (m, 1H), 5.24 (q, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H). INTF41 4-(6-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyrazin-2- yl)benzoic acid  

Method D, Using INTF20 [UPLC acidic], 299 (1.37) 13.16 (s, 1H), 9.06 (s, 1H), 8.52 (s, 1H), 8.41- 8.27 (m, 2H), 8.13-8.03 (m, 2H), 5.22 (q, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H). INTF42 4-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2- (trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid  

Method E, Using INTF21, [UPLC acidic], 313 (2.30) 13.75 (s, 1H), 8.98 (s, 1H), 8.52-8.46 (m, 2H), 8.35 (s, 1H), 7.97 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 4.49 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.42 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H). INTF43 2-methyl-4-(6-(trifluoromethyl) pyrazin-2- yl)benzoic acid  

Method E, Using INTF22, [HPLC acidic], 283 (2.20) 13.06 (s, 1H), 9.66 (s, 1H), 9.18 (s, 1H), 8.14- 8.11 (m, 1H), 8.09 (dd, J = 8.1, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 7.99 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 2.63 (s, 3H).

5-(6-Ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-3-fluoropicolinic acid INTF44

A suspension of 5-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-3-fluoropicolinonitrile INTF23 (630 mg, 2.58 mmol) in conc. HCl (10 mL) was heated to reflux for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to RT. This was then concentrated in vacuo, then suspended in TBME (20 mL) and filtered, washing with iso-hexanes (10 mL) to afford 5-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-3-fluoropicolinic acid (750 mg, 2.28 mmol, 88% yield) as an orange solid. Rt 1.74 min (HPLC, acidic); m/z 264 (M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.26 (t, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 9.02 (s, 1H), 8.54 (dd, J=11.5, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.39 (s, 1H), 4.52 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.41 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0-H not observed.

(5-(6-(Trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)methanol INTF45

A suspension of (5-bromopyridin-2-yl)methanol (1 g, 5.32 mmol), Bispin (1.5 g, 5.91 mmol) and KOAc (1.6 g, 16.0 mmol) in dioxane (20 mL) was heated to 30° C. then degassed (N₂). PdCl₂(dppf)-CH₂Cl₂ (0.217 g, 0.266 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture heated to 90° C. for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was cooled to 40° C. whereupon 2-chloro-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazine (0.97 g, 5.32 mmol), Cs₂CO₃ (3.47 g, 10.6 mmol) and water (5 mL) were added. The mixture was degassed (N₂), then PdCl₂(dppf)-CH₂Cl₂ (0.217 g, 0.266 mmol) was added and the mixture was again degassed (N₂). The reaction mixture was then heated to 90° C. for 18 hrs. The reaction mixture was part concentrated (to approx. 5 mL) then taken up with water (20 mL) and EtOAc (50 mL) and passed through celite, eluting with EtOAc (20 mL). The phases were then diluted with water (20 mL) and partitioned. The organic phase was washed with brine (30 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated onto silica (5 g). The crude product was purified by chromatography on silica (40 g cartridge, 0-100% EtOAc/iso-hexanes) to afford (5-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)methanol (980 mg, 3.76 mmol, 71% yield) as an off-white solid. Rt 1.38 min (HPLC, acidic); m/z 256 (M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.69 (s, 1H), 9.28 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 9.20 (s, 1H), 8.56 (dd, J=8.2, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.59 (t, J=5.8 Hz, 1H), 4.67 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 2H).

(5-(6-Chloropyrazin-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)methanol INTF46

Prepared as for INTF45 using (5-bromopyridin-2-yl)methanol and 2,6-dichloropyrazine to afford (5-(6-chloropyrazin-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)methanol (27% yield) as a brown solid. Rt 1.10 min (HPLC, acidic); m/z 222 (³⁵Cl M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.36 (s, 1H), 9.22 (s, 1H), 8.81 (s, 1H), 8.50 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.57 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.66 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H).

(5-(6-Ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)methanol INTF47

Prepared as for INTF45 using (5-bromopyridin-2-yl)methanol and 2-chloro-6-ethoxypyrazine to afford (5-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)methanol (54% yield) as a brown solid. Rt 1.34 min (HPLC, acidic); m/z 232 (M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.27-9.09 (m, 1H), 8.87 (s, 1H), 8.49 (dd, J=8.2, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 8.29 (s, 1H), 7.62 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.53 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 2H), 4.50 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.41 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H).

5-(6-(Trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)picolinaldehyde INTF48

A solution of (5-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)methanol INTF45 (980 mg, 3.84 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) was treated with manganese dioxide (3 g, 34.5 mmol). The reaction was stirred for 4 hrs at RT then filtered through celite and concentrated onto silica (4 g). The crude product was purified by chromatography on silica (24 g cartridge, 0-100% EtOAc/iso-hexanes) to afford 5-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)picolinaldehyde (541 mg, 2.04 mmol, 55% yield) as a colourless solid. Rt 1.82 min (HPLC, acidic); m/z 254 (M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.09 (s, 1H), 9.82 (s, 1H), 9.60 (dd, J=2.2, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 9.30 (s, 1H), 8.79 (dd, J=8.1, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.14 (dd, J=8.1, 0.8 Hz, 1H).

5-(6-Chloropyrazin-2-yl)picolinaldehyde INTF49

Prepared as for INTF48 using (5-(6-chloropyrazin-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)methanol INTF46 to afford 5-(6-chloropyrazin-2-yl)picolinaldehyde (39% yield) as a colourless solid. Rt 1.63 min (HPLC, acidic); m/z 220 (³⁵Cl M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.08 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 1H), 9.55 (dd, J=2.2, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 9.50 (s, 1H), 8.92 (s, 1H), 8.74 (ddd, J=8.1, 2.2, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 8.11 (dd, J=8.1, 0.9 Hz, 1H).

5-(6-Ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)picolinaldehyde INTF50

Prepared as for INTF48 using (5-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)methanol INTF47 to afford 5-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)picolinaldehyde (42% yield) as a colourless solid. Rt 1.85 min (HPLC, acidic); m/z 230 (M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.07 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 1H), 9.55 (dd, J=2.2, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 9.03 (s, 1H), 8.73 (ddd, J=8.1, 2.2, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 8.39 (s, 1H), 8.08 (dd, J=8.1, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 4.53 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.42 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H).

5-(6-(Trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)picolinic acid INTF51

A solution of 5-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)picolinaldehyde INTF48 (200 mg, 0.79 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was treated with oxone (650 mg, 1.06 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 4 days. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (10 mL) and filtered. The filtrate was then taken up in EtOAc (10 mL) and heated to 40° C. to afford a free flowing suspension. This was then treated dropwise with iso-hexanes (10 mL), cooled to RT and filtered to afford 5-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)picolinic acid (180 mg, 0.56 mmol, 68% yield) as a colourless solid. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 9.78 (s, 1H), 9.48 (dd, J=2.4, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 9.28 (s, 1H), 8.72 (dd, J=8.2, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 8.24 (dd, J=8.2, 0.8 Hz, 1H), v. br OH observed, not reported.

5-(6-Chloropyrazin-2-yl)picolinic acid INTF52

Prepared as for INTF51 using 5-(6-chloropyrazin-2-yl)picolinaldehyde INTF49 to afford 5-(6-chloropyrazin-2-yl)picolinic acid (82% yield) as a colourless solid. Rt 1.32 min (HPLC, acidic); m/z 236 (³⁵Cl M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.30 (s, 1H), 9.46 (s, 1H), 9.42 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.90 (s, 1H), 8.66 (dd, J=8.2, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.21 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H).

5-(6-Ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)picolinic acid INTF53

Prepared as for INTF51 using 5-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)picolinaldehyde INTF50 to afford 5-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)picolinic acid (71% yield) as a colourless solid. Rt 1.45 min (HPLC, acidic); m/z 246 (M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.31 (s, 1H), 9.46-9.38 (m, 1H), 8.98 (s, 1H), 8.64 (dd, J=8.1, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 8.36 (s, 1H), 8.17 (dd, J=8.1, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 4.51 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.42 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H).

Preparation of Examples Method 1: Amide Coupling

Method 1a: HATU (1.2 eq.) was added to a solution of appropriate acid (1 eq.), amine (1 eq.) and DIPEA (3 eq.) in DMF (10 volumes) at RT. The reaction was stirred at RT for 18 hrs. The solvent was removed and the crude product was purified by normal phase chromatography, reverse phase chromatography or trituration from an appropriate solvent.

Method 1b: 1-chloro-N,N,2-trimethylprop-1-en-1-amine (2 eq.) was added to a solution of appropriate acid (1 eq.) in DCM (20 volumes). The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue dissolved in DCM (20 volumes) before addition of DIPEA (3 eq.) and the appropriate amine (1 eq). The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 2 hrs. An aqueous work up was performed and the crude product was purified by normal phase chromatography, reverse phase chromatography or trituration from an appropriate solvent.

Method 1c: T3P (50 wt % in EtOAc, 2.5 eq.) was added to a solution of appropriate acid (1 eq.), amine (1 eq.) and pyridine (3 eq.) in a mixture of EtOAc (20 volumes) and DMF (10 volumes). The reaction was stirred for 1 hr at RT. An aqueous work up was performed and the crude product was purified by normal phase chromatography, reverse phase chromatography or trituration from an appropriate solvent.

Method 2a: Suzuki [ArB(OR)₂ Core]

PdCl₂(dppf)-CH₂Cl₂ (10 mol %) or other appropriate catalyst was added to a degassed (N₂, 5 mins) solution of Ar1-B(OR)₂ (1 eq.), Ar2-halide (1 eq.) and K₂CO₃ (3 eq.) in dioxane (10 volumes) and water (1 volumes). The solution was then degassed further (N₂, 5 mins) and heated to 90° C. for 1-2 hrs. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to RT. An aqueous workup was performed and the crude product was purified by normal phase chromatography, reverse phase chromatography or trituration from an appropriate solvent.

Method 2b: Telescoped Miyaura Borylation/Suzuki Protocol

A suspension of Ar1-Br (1 eq.), Bispin (1.1 eq.) and KOAc (2 eq.) in dioxane (50 volumes) was degassed (N₂) then charged with PdCl₂(dppf)·CH₂Cl₂ (5 mol %) and again degassed (N₂). The reaction mixture was heated to 90° C. for 1-24 hrs, recharging the Pd-catalyst if required. On formation of the boronate ester the reaction was allowed to cool to RT. Ar2-Z (1 eq.) and 2 M K₂CO₃ (aq, 2 eq.) were added, degassed (N₂) and the reaction was then heated to 90° C. for 18 hrs. The reaction was allowed to cool to RT, an aqueous work up was performed and the crude compound was purified by normal phase chromatography.

Representative for Method 1a N-((2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)methyl)-4-(pyridin-3-yl)benzamide R1

A solution of N-(4-(aminomethyl)thiazol-2-yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide INTE9 (64 mg, 0.274 mmol), 4-(pyridin-3-yl)benzoic acid (54.6 mg, 0.274 mmol) and DIPEA (0.14 mL, 0.82 mmol) in DMF (0.5 mL) was treated with HATU (110 mg, 0.288 mmol) and stirred at RT for 18 hrs. EtOAc (20 mL) was added and the organic phase was washed with water (10 mL) and brine (10 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated onto silica (300 mg). The crude product was purified by chromatography on silica (12 g column, 0-7% (0.7 M ammonia/MeOH)/DCM). The crude product was further purified by reverse phase chromatography on C18 silica (12 g column, 10-40% MeCN/water 0.1% formic acid) to afford N-((2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)methyl)-4-(pyridin-3-yl)benzamide (18 mg, 0.041 mmol, 15% yield) as a colourless solid. Rt 1.08 min (HPLC, HPLC Acidic); m/z 415 (M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.57 (s, 1H), 9.04-8.94 (m, 2H), 8.62 (dd, J=4.8, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.17-8.14 (m, 1H), 8.06-7.98 (m, 2H), 7.92-7.84 (m, 2H), 7.50-7.48 (m, 1H), 6.53 (s, 1H), 4.35-4.33 (m, 2H), 2.64-2.52 (m, 1H), 0.09-0.87 (m, 4H).

Representative for Method 1b N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propyl)-4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)benzamide R2

A suspension of 4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)benzoic acid INTF25 (46.2 mg, 0.173 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was treated with 1-chloro-N,N,2-trimethylprop-1-en-1-amine (0.046 mL, 0.346 mmol) and stirred at RT for 1 hr before being concentrated. The residue was taken up in DCM (3 mL), treated with DIPEA (0.091 mL, 0.518 mmol) and stirred for 5 mins before N-(4-(1-aminopropyl)thiazol-2-yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide INTE10 (45 mg, 0.17 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 16 hrs. The reaction mixture was treated with NH₄Cl (sat. aq., 5 mL) and passed through a phase separator, further extracting with DCM (5 mL). The organic phase was concentrated onto silica (500 mg) and the crude product was purified by chromatography on silica [12 g column, 0-100% EtOAc (2% MeOH)/iso-hexanes] to afford N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propyl)-4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)benzamide (46 mg, 0.085 mmol, 49% yield) as a colourless solid. Rt 1.99 min (HPLC, acidic); m/z 511 (M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 12.60 (s, 1H), 9.30 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 9.03 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.74 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 8.56 (s, 1H), 8.09-7.97 (m, 4H), 6.56 (s, 1H), 4.90 (q, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 2.64-2.51 (m, 1H), 1.98-1.74 (m, 2H), 0.98-0.81 (m, 7H).

The racemic mixture R₂ was separated by chiral preparative HPLC using chiral method A. A salt exchange (TFA to HCl) was undertaken by adding 1.25 M HCl (EtOH, 2 mL×5) and removing solvent to afford:

Peak 1: Stereochemistry of Product was not Defined R3

N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propyl)-4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)benzamide. HCl R₃ (13 mg, 0.023 mmol, 37% yield) was isolated as a colourless solid. Rt=1.30 min (UPLC, acidic); m/z 511 (M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.61 (s, 1H), 9.30 (s, 1H), 9.03 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.75 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 8.56 (s, 1H), 8.09-8.04 (m, 2H), 8.03-7.98 (m, 2H), 6.57 (s, 1H), 4.94-4.87 (m, 1H), 2.64-2.51 (m, 1H), 1.97-1.74 (m, 2H), 0.96-0.85 (m, 7H). Signal for HCl not observed

The product was analysed by Chiral HPLC, chiral IA method 1: [Daicel Chiralpak IA, 5 um, 4.6×250 mm, 45 min method, 1.0 mL/min, 5-95% (gradient over 45 min) EtOH (0.2% TFA) in iso-hexanes (0.2% TFA)]; Rt=14.8 min, >98% @ 254 nm.

Peak 2: Stereochemistry of Product was not Defined R₄

N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propyl)-4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)benzamide. HCl R₄ (12 mg, 0.021 mmol, 34% yield) was obtained as a colourless solid. Rt=1.30 min (UPLC, acidic); m/z 511 (M+H)⁺ (ES⁺); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.61 (s, 1H), 9.30 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 9.03 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.75 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 8.56 (s, 1H), 8.08-8.04 (m, 2H), 8.03-7.99 (m, 2H), 6.57 (s, 1H), 4.95-4.85 (m, 1H), 2.64-2.51 (m, 1H), 1.97-1.73 (m, 2H), 0.97-0.82 (m, 7H). Signal for HCl not observed

The product was analysed by Chiral HPLC, chiral IA method 1: [Daicel Chiralpak IA, 5 um, 4.6×250 mm, 45 min method, 1.0 mL/min, 5-95% (gradient over 45 min) EtOH (0.2% TFA) in iso-hexanes (0.2% TFA)]; Rt=16.8 min, >98% @ 254 nm.

Representative for Method 1c N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propyl)-4-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide R5

A solution of 4-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)benzoic acid INTF28 (15.4 mg, 0.057 mmol) and N-(4-(1-aminopropyl)thiazol-2-yl)cyclopropanesulfonamide INTE10 (15 mg, 0.057 mmol) in DMF (0.25 mL) was treated with pyridine (0.014 mL, 0.172 mmol) and T3P (50% wt. in DMF, 0.125 mL, 0.172 mmol). The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at RT over 16 hrs. The crude product was treated with water (0.05 mL) and purified by reverse phase chromatography on C18 silica (12 g column, 10-50% MeCN/10 mM ammonium bicarbonate) to afford N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propyl)-4-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide (2.5 mg, 0.004 mmol, 8% yield) as a colourless solid. Rt 1.34 min (UPLC, acidic); m/z 512 (M+H)⁺ (ES⁺). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 9.30 (s, 1H), 8.95 (s, 1H), 8.18 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 8.12 (d, J=84 Hz, 2H), 8.04 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.51 (s, 1H), 5.09-4.95 (m, 1H), 2.56.2.53 (m, 1H), 2.17-1.89 (m, 2H), 1.32-1.09 (m, 2H), 1.09-0.71 (m, 5H), N—H not observed.

Representative for Method 2a N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2-fluorobenzamide R6

A solution of N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzamide INTE20 (80 mg, 0.157 mmol), 2 M potassium carbonate (aq, 0.16 mL, 0.314 mmol) and 2-chloro-6-ethoxypyrazine (25 mg, 0.157 mmol) in MeCN (15 mL) and water (2 mL) was degassed (N₂) at 40° C. whereupon PdCl₂(dppf)-CH₂Cl₂ (6.4 mg, 0.008 mmol) was added to form a suspension. The mixture was degassed (N₂) then heated to 90° C. for 3 hrs. The reaction was cooled to RT, concentrated directly onto silica (1 g) and was purified by chromatography on silica (12 g column, 0-100% EtOAc/iso-hexanes) to afford N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2-fluorobenzamide (13 mg, 0.025 mmol, 16% yield) as a colourless solid. Rt 1.34 min (UPLC, acidic); m/z 506 (M+H)⁺ (ES⁺). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.58 (s, 1H), 8.93 (s, 1H), 8.36 (s, 1H), 8.32 (s, 1H), 8.11-7.96 (m, 2H), 7.84 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 6.50 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.50 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.63-2.54 (m, 1H), 1.63 (s, 6H), 1.41 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.95-0.83 (m, 4H).

Representative for Method 2b N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2-methoxybenzamide R7

A suspension of 4-bromo-N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-2-methoxybenzamide INTE18 (100 mg, 0.211 mmol), Bispin (59 mg, 0.232 mmol) and KOAc (41 mg, 0.422 mmol) in dioxane (5 mL) was degassed (N₂) then charged with PdCl₂(dppf)-CH₂Cl₂ (8.6 mg, 0.011 mmol) and degassed (N₂). The reaction mixture was heated to 90° C. for 16 hrs. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool then filtered through celite. This was then recharged with KOAc (41 mg, 0.422 mmol), Bispin (59 mg, 0.232 mmol) and PdCl₂(dppf)-CH₂Cl₂ (8.6 mg, 0.011 mmol), degassed (N₂) then heated to 90° C. for 2 hrs. To the reaction mixture was added 2-chloro-6-ethoxypyrazine (33.4 mg, 0.211 mmol) and 2 M potassium carbonate (aq, 0.21 mL, 0.422 mmol) and heated to 90° C. for 16 hrs. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to RT then diluted with EtOAc (10 mL) and water (10 mL), filtered over celite eluting with EtOAc (10 mL). The phases were then partitioned, washed with brine (10 mL), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated onto silica (500 mg). The crude product was purified by chromatography on silica (12 g cartridge, 0-100% EtOAc/iso-hexanes). The resulting product was re-purified by preparative HPLC (Varian, Basic (0.1% ammonium bicarbonate), 15-50% MeCN in water) to afford N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2-methoxybenzamide (20 mg, 0.037 mmol, 17% yield) as a colourless solid. Rt 2.17 min (HPLC acidic); m/z 518 (M+H)⁺ (ES⁺). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.56 (s, 1H), 8.94 (s, 1H), 8.39 (s, 1H), 8.30 (s, 1H), 7.91 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (dd, J=8.1, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 6.49 (s, 1H), 4.50 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 4.07 (s, 3H), 2.59-2.52 (m, 1H), 1.65 (s, 6H), 1.41 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.95-0.76 (m, 4H).

TABLE 6 The following final compounds were made according to general methods Synthesis Method, [LCMS Method], m/z (M + H)⁺, ¹H NMR Chemical Shift Data R Name/Structure (All examples containing chiral centres are racemic unless stated) (RT/Min) (DMSO-d6 unless stated) R8 N-((2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)methyl)-5- phenylpicolinamide  

Method 1a, Using INTE9 and commercial acid, [UPLC Basic], 415 (1.23) 12.55 (s, 1H), 9.26 (t, J = 6.2 Hz, 1H), 8.99 (dd, J = 2.3, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 8.31 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 8.13 (dd, J = 8.2, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.87-7.77 (m, 2H), 7.61-7.53 (m, 2H), 7.52-7.43 (m, 1H), 6.50 (s, 1H), 4.38 (dd, J = 6.3, 1.2 Hz, 2H), 2.62-2.55 (m, 1H), 0.96- 0.81 (m, 4H). R9  N-((2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)methyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4- carboxamide  

Method 1a, Using INTE9 and commercial acid [HPLC Basic], 414, (1.72) 12.58 (s, 1H), 8.97 (t, J = 5.6 Hz, 1H), 8.05-7.95 (m, 2H), 7.84- 7.70 (m, 4H), 7.55-7.46 (m, 2H), 7.45-7.36 (m, 1H), 6.53 (s, 1H), 4.34 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 2H), 2.63- 2.54 (m, 1H), 0.93-0.86 (m, 4H). R10 N-((2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)methyl)-2-fluoro-4-(6- (trifluoromethyl)-pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide  

Method 1a, Using INTE9 and INTF34, [UPLC Acidic], 502, (1.24) 12.60 (s, 1H), 9.73 (s, 1H), 9.24 (s, 1H), 9.04-8.78 (m, 1H), 8.23- 8.08 (m, 2H), 7.98-7.81 (m, 1H), 6.54 (s, 1H), 4.35 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.62-2.55 (m, 1H), 0.94- 0.79 (m, 4H). R11 N-((2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)methyl)-4-(6- ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2-fluorobenzamide  

Method 1a, Using INTE9 and INTF35, [UPLC Acidic], 478, (1.22) 12.58 (s, 1H), 8.93 (s, 1H), 8.88- 8.83 (m, 1H), 8.32 (s, 1H), 8.11- 8.04 (m, 2H), 7.88-7.79 (m, 1H), 6.54 (s, 1H), 4.50 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 4.34 (d, J = 5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.62- 2.54 (m, 1H), 1.41 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.93-0.81 (m, 4H). R12 N-((2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)methyl)-4-(6- (trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide  

Method 1a, Using INTE9 and INTF28, [UPLC Acidic], 484, (1.21) 12.60 (s, 1H), 9.71 (s, 1H), 9.20 (s, 1H), 9.14-9.01 (m, 1H), 8.35- 8.31 (m, 2H), 8.11-8.06 (m, 2H), 6.55 (s, 1H), 4.35 (d, J = 5.5 Hz, 2H), 2.61-2.55 (m, 1H), 0.94- 0.77 (m, 4H). R13 N-((2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)methyl)-4-(6- isopropoxypyrazin-2-yl)benzamide  

Method 1a, Using INTE9 and INTF30, [UPLC Acidic], 474, (1.28) 12.59 (s, 1H), 9.05-8.99 (m, 1H), 8.87 (s, 1H), 8.26-8.19 (m, 3H), 8.05-8.01 (m, 2H), 6.54 (s, 1H), 5.48-5.37 (m, 1H), 4.35 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 2H), 2.61-2.55 (m, 1H), 1.39 (d, J = 6.1 Hz, 6H), 0.92- 0.82 (m, 4H). R14 N-((2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)methyl)-4-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2- yl)benzamide  

Method 1a, Using INTE9 and INTE37, [UPLC Acidic], 460, (1.18) 12.60 (s, 1H), 9.03 (t, J = 5.6 Hz, 1H), 8.90 (s, 1H), 8.30 (s, 1H), 8.28-8.22 (m, 2H), 8.08-8.00 (m, 2H), 6.54 (s, 1H), 4.51 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.35 (d, J = 5.4 Hz, 2H), 2.61-2.55 (m, 1H), 1.42 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.95-0.84 (m, 4H). R15 N-(3-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)pentan-3-yl)-4-(5- (trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)benzamide  

Method 1b, Using INTE17 and INTF25, [HPLC acidic], 539, (2.13) 12.52 (s, 1H), 9.30 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 9.02 (dd, J = 2.1, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 8.56 (s, 1H), 8.12-7.95 (m, 5H), 6.50 (s, 1H), 2.60-2.53 (m, 1H), 2.27-2.13 (m, 2H), 1.91-1.70 (m, 2H), 0.93-0.85 (m, 4H), 0.77- 0.69 (m, 6H). R16 N-(3-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)pentan-3-yl)-4-(5-fluoropyridin- 3-yl)benzamide  

Method 1b, Using INTE17 and INTF26, [HPLC Acidic], 489, (1.9) 12.50 (s, 1H), 8.89 (t, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 8.62 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H), 8.17 (ddd, J = 10.3, 2.8, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.07-7.98 (m, 3H), 7.97-7.86 (m, 2H), 6.48 (s, 1H), 2.60-2.52 (m, 1H), 2.29-2.15 (m, 2H), 1.87- 1.71 (m, 2H), 0.92-0.82 (m, 4H), 0.73 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 6H). R17 N-(3-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)pentan-3-yl)-4-(5- methylpyridin-3-yl)benzamide  

Method 1b, Using INTE17 and INTF24, [HPLC acidic], 485, (1.36) 12.50 (s, 1H), 8.77 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.46 (dd, J = 2.0, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 8.08-7.96 (m, 4H), 7.89-7.79 (m, 2H), 6.49 (s, 1H), 2.61-2.55 (m, 1H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 2.29-2.12 (m, 2H), 1.88-1.75 (m, 2H), 0.94- 0.83 (m, 4H), 0.73 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 6H). R18 N-(3-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)pentan-3-yl)-4-(pyridin-3- yl)benzamide  

Method 1b, Using INTE17 and commercial acid, [HPLC Acidic], 471, (1.36) 12.50 (s, 1H), 8.98 (dd, J = 2.4, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 8.62 (dd, J = 4.8, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.20-8.12 (m, 1H), 8.07- 7.97 (m, 3H), 7.91-7.82 (m, 2H), 7.53 (ddd, J = 8.1, 4.8, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 6.49 (s, 1H), 2.61-2.54 (m, 1H), 2.28-2.12 (m, 2H), 1.89- 1.73 (m, 2H), 0.94-0.82 (m, 4H), 0.74 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 6H). R19 N-(3-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)pentan-3-yl)-4-(6- (trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide  

Method 1b, Using INTE17 and INTF28, [UPLC acidic], 540, (1.44) 12.53 (s, 1H), 9.72 (s, 1H), 9.21 (s, 1H), 8.35-8.28 (m, 2H), 8.17- 8.04 (m, 3H), 6.51 (s, 1H), 2.59- 2.53 (m, 1H), 2.28-2.14 (m, 2H), 1.87-1.74 (m, 2H), 0.92-0.84 (m, 4H), 0.74 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 6H). 4-(6-chloropyrazin-2-yl)-N-(3-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol- 4-yl)pentan-3-yl)benzamide  

Method 1b, Using INTE17 and INTF27, [HPLC acidic], 506 ³⁵Cl isotope, (2.06) 12.52 (s, 1H), 9.38 (s, 1H), 8.81 (s, 1H), 8.29-8.21 (m, 2H), 8.15- 8.02 (m, 3H), 6.49 (s, 1H), 2.60- 2.50 (m, 1H), 2.28-2.12 (m, 2H), 1.90-1.72 (m, 2H), 0.92-0.82 (m, 4H), 0.78-0.61 (m, 6H). R21 N-(3-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)pentan-3-yl)-4-(6- methylpyrazin-2-yl)benzamide  

Method 1b, Using INTE17 and INTF29, [HPLC Acidic], 486, (1.89) 12.52 (s, 1H), 9.15 (s, 1H), 8.57 (s, 1H), 8.28-8.20 (m, 2H), 8.08- 8.01 (m, 3H), 6.50 (s, 1H), 2.60 (s, 3H), 2.60-2.54 (m, 1H), 2.26- 2.16 (m, 2H), 1.86-1.76 (m, 2H), 0.92-0.84 (m, 4H), 0.74 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 6H). R22 N-(3-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)pentan-3-yl)-4- (pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide  

Method 1b, Using INTE17 and commercial acid, [HPLC Acidic], 472, (1.77) 12.51 (s, 1H), 9.35 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.77 (dd, J = 2.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.67 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.28- 8.22 (m, 2H), 8.08-8.00 (m, 3H), 6.49 (s, 1H), 2.59-2.51 (m, 1H), 2.26-2.14 (m, 2H), 1.86-1.72 (m, 2H), 0.92-0.84 (m, 4H), 0.73 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 6H). R23 N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-5-(6- ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-3-fluoropicolinamide  

Method 1a, Using INTE14 and INTF44 [HPLC Acidic], 507, (1.99) 12.60 (s, 1H), 9.24 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H), 9.02 (s, 1H), 8.59-8.46 (m, 2H), 8.39 (s, 1H), 6.54 (s, 1H), 4.52 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.63- 2.53 (m, 1H), 1.67 (s, 6H), 1.41 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.93-0.85 (m, 4H). R24 N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-5-(6- (trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)picolinamide  

Method 1a, Using INTE14 and INTF51 [HPLC Acidic], 513, (2.06) 12.64 (s, 1H), 9.80 (s, 1H), 9.47 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 9.29 (s, 1H), 8.76 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.51 (s, 1H), 8.21 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 2.60-2.53 (m, 1H), 1.71 (s, 6H), 0.94-0.79 (m, 4H). R25 5-(6-chloropyrazin-2-yl)-N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4- yl)propan-2-yl)picolinamide  

Method 1a, Using INTE14 and INTF52, [HPLC Acidic], 479 ³⁵Cl isotope, (1.92) 12.62 (s, 1H), 9.46 (s, 1H), 9.39 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.89 (s, 1H), 8.69 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.51 (s, 1H), 8.17 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.55 (s, 1H), 2.60-2.53 (m, 1H), 1.70 (s, 6H), 0.91-0.81 (m, 4H). R26 N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-5-(6- ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)picolinamide  

Method 1a, Using INTE14 and INTF53 [HPLC Acidic], 489, (2.04) 12.62 (s, 1H), 9.41 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.99 (s, 1H), 8.69 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.47 (s, 1H), 8.37 (s, 1H), 8.13 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.56 (s, 1H), 4.51 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.59-2.53 (m, 1H), 1.70 (s, 6H), 1.41 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.95- 0.83 (m, 4H). R27 N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-[2,2′- bipyridine]-5-carboxamide  

Method 1a, Using INTE14 and commercial acid [HPLC Acidic], 444, (1.39) 12.59 (s, 1H), 9.13 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.81-8.74 (m, 1H), 8.59 (s, 1H), 8.51-8.45 (m, 2H), 8.45 (s, 1H), 8.09-7.92 (m, 1H), 7.52 (ddd, J = 7.5, 4.7, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.52 (s, 1H), 2.62-2.54 (m, 1H), 1.65 (s, 6H), 0.96-0.84 (m, 4H). R28 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4- yl)propan-2-yl)benzamide  

Method 1a, Using INTE14 and INTF31, [UPLC Acidic], 477 ³⁵Cl isotope, (1.2) 12.57 (s, 1H), 8.98-8.93 (m, 1H), 8.72-8.65 (m, 1H), 8.40-8.32 (m, 2H), 8.04-7.97 (m, 2H), 7.97- 7.89 (m, 2H), 6.46 (s, 1H), 2.63- 2.53 (m, 1H), 1.64 (s, 6H), 0.94- 0.82 (m, 4H). R29 N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-2-fluoro- 4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)benzamide  

Method 2a, Using INTE20 and commercial coupling partner, [UPLC Acidic], 529, (1.32) 12.59 (s, 1H), 9.31 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 9.04-9.01 (m, 1H), 8.60 (s, 1H), 8.39 (s, 1H), 7.92 (d, J = 11.9 Hz, 1H), 7.89-7.82 (m, 2H), 6.49 (s, 1H), 2.62-2.54 (m, 1H), 1.63 (s, 6H), 0.94-0.84 (m, 4H). R30 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4- yl)propan-2-yl)-2-fluorobenzamide  

Method 1a, Using INTE14 and INTF33, [UPLC Acidic], 495 ³⁵Cl isotope, (1.24) 12.59 (s, 1H), 8.98 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.69 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.40 (t, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.37 (s, 1H), 7.87-7.81 (m, 2H), 7.78 (dd, J = 8.1, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 6.48 (s, 1H), 2.62- 2.54 (m, 1H), 1.63 (s, 6H), 0.96- 0.81 (m, 4H). R31 N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4- (5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)benzamide  

Method 2a, Using INTE20 and commercial coupling partner, [UPLC Acidic], 479, (1.15) 12.58 (s, 1H), 8.91 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.64 (d, J = 2.6 Hz, 1H), 8.37 (s, 1H), 8.27-8.15 (m, 1H), 7.88- 7.74 (m, 3H), 6.49 (s, 1H), 2.65- 2.51 (m, 1H), 1.62 (s, 6H), 0.94- 0.81 (m, 4H). R32 N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2- yl)-2-methoxy-4-(5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)benzamide  

Method 2b, Using INTE18 and commercial coupling partner, [HPLC Acidic], 541, (2.16) 12.56 (s, 1H), 9.31 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 9.02 (dd, J = 2.1, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 8.59 (t, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 8.51- 8.26 (m, 1H), 7.91 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (d, J = 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (dd, J = 8.1, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 6.48 (s, 4.08 (s, 3H), 2.59-2.53 (m, 1H), 1.65 (s, 6H), 0.94-0.78 (m, 4H). R33 N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(2- methylpyridin-3-yl)benzamide  

Method 2a, Using INTE19 and commercial coupling partner, [HPLC acidic], 457, (1.04) 12.55 (s, 1H), 8.49 (dd, J = 4.8, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 8.30 (s, 1H), 8.00- 7.91 (m, 2H), 7.62 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.53-7.47 (m, 2H), 7.33 (dd, J = 7.7, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 6.46 (s, 1H), 2.60-2.52 (m, 1H), 2.44 (s, 3H), 1.63 (s, 6H), 0.94-0.77 (m, 4H). R34 4-(5-acetylpyridin-3-yl)-N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4- yl)propan-2-yl)benzamide  

Method 2a, Using INTE19 and commercial coupling partner, [HPLC acidic], 485, (1.59) 12.57 (s, 1H), 9.19 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 9.14 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.55 (t, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.34 (s, 1H), 8.08-8.00 (m, 2H), 7.98-7.91 (m, 2H), 6.47 (s, 1H), 2.72 (s, 3H), 2.61-2.51 (m, 1H), 1.64 (s, 6H), 0.93-0.82 (m, 4H). R35 N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(5- (trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)benzamide  

Method 2a, Using INTE19 and commercial coupling partner, [HPLC Basic], 511, (1.79) 12.57 (s, 1H), 9.29 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 9.03-8.97 (m, 1H), 8.58- 8.50 (m, 1H), 8.36 (s, 1H), 8.06- 7.96 (m, 4H), 6.47 (s, 1H), 2.59- 2.51 (m, 1H), 1.63 (s, 6H), 0.92- 0.80 (m, 4H). R36 N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(5- fluoropyridin-3-yl)benzamide  

Method 2a, Using INTE19 and commercial coupling partner, [HPLC Basic], 461, (1.54) 12.56 (s, 1H), 8.91-8.84 (m, 1H), 8.62 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H), 8.34 (s, 1H), 8.20-8.13 (m, 1H), 8.04- 7.97 (m, 2H), 7.96-7.89 (m, 2H), 6.47 (s, 1H), 2.58-2.52 (m, 1H), 1.63 (s, 6H), 0.91-0.83 (m, 4H). R37 N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(5- methylpyridin-3-yl)benzamide  

Method 1b, Using INTE14 and INTF24, [UPLC Acidic], 457, (0.74) 12.55 (s, 1H), 8.77 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.46 (dd, J = 2.1, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 8.31 (s, 1H), 8.02-7.93 (m, 3H), 7.89-7.81 (m, 2H), 6.48 (s, 1H), 2.61-2.53 (m, 1H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 1.64 (s, 6H), 0.97-0.71 (m, 4H). R38 N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(5- methoxypyridin-3-yl)benzamide  

Method 1b, Using INTE14 and commercial acid, [UPLC Acidic], 473, (0.9) 12.56 (s, 1H), 8.57 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.34 (d, J = 2.8 Hz, 1H), 8.31 (s, 1H), 8.05-7.96 (m, 2H), 7.92- 7.83 (m, 2H), 7.70 (dd, J = 2.8, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 6.48 (s, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 2.63-2.50 (m, 1H), 1.64 (s, 6H), 0.96-0.82 (m, 4H). R39 N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(pyridin- 3-yl)benzamide  

Method 1b, Using INTE14 and commercial acid, [HPLC Acidic], 443, (1.18) 12.56 (s, 1H), 8.98 (dd, J = 2.5, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 8.62 (dd, J = 4.7, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.31 (s, 1H), 8.17 (ddd, J = 8.0, 2.5, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.04-7.96 (m, 2H), 7.90-7.82 (m, 2H), 7.53 (ddd, J = 8.0, 4.8, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 6.48 (s, 1H), 1.64 (s, 6H), 1.00- 0.78 (m, 4H), 1 × CH obscured R40 N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-3′- (trifluoromethyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-carboxamide  

Method 1a, Using INTE14 and commercial acid, [HPLC Acidic], 510, (2.35) 12.57 (s, 1H), 8.33 (s, 1H), 8.11- 8.04 (m, 2H), 8.04-7.99 (m, 2H), 7.91-7.85 (m, 2H), 7.80-7.69 (m, 2H), 6.48 (s, 1H), 2.60-2.54 (m, 1H), 1.64 (s, 6H), 0.93-0.84 (m, 4H). R41 N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(6- ethylpyrazin-2-yl)-2-fluorobenzamide  

Method 1a, Using INTE14 and INTF39, [HPLC Acidic], 490, (1.97) 12.59 (s, 1H), 9.19 (s, 1H), 8.62 (s, 1H), 8.38 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.13-8.03 (m, 2H), 7.89-7.82 (m, 1H), 6.50 (s, 1H), 2.96-2.84 (m, 2H), 2.64-2.55 (m, 1H), 1.64 (s, 6H), 1.33 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H), 0.97-0.82 (m, 4H). R42 N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-2-fluoro- 4-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide  

Method 2a, Using INTE20 and commercial coupling partner, [UPLC Acidic], 530, (1.36) 12.60 (s, 1H), 9.73 (s, 1H), 9.23 (s, 1H), 8.47 (s, 1H), 8.17-8.08 (m, 2H), 7.95-7.86 (m, 1H), 6.50 (s, 1H), 2.63-2.53 (m, 1H), 1.63 (s, 6H), 0.97-0.73 (m, 4H). R43 N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-2-fluoro- 4-(6-isopropoxypyrazin-2-yl)benzamide  

Method 1a, Using INTE14 and INTF36, [UPLC Acidic], 520, (1.42) 12.59 (s, 1H), 8.96-8.79 (m, 1H), 8.42-8.32 (m, 1H), 8.31-8.20 (m, 1H), 8.12-7.95 (m, 2H), 7.89- 7.76 (m, 1H), 6.50 (s, 1H), 5.46- 5.34 (m, 1H), 2.64-2.55 (m, 1H), 1.71-1.53 (m, 6H), 1.50-1.25 (m, 6H), 0.96-0.85 (m, 4H). R44 N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-2-fluoro-4- (6-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide  

Method 1a, Using INTE14 and INTF40, [UPLC Acidic], 560, (1.4) 12.59 (s, 1H), 9.09 (s, 1H), 8.52 (s, 1H), 8.40 (s, 1H), 8.18-8.09 (m, 2H), 7.92-7.82 (m, 1H), 6.50 (s, 1H), 5.24 (q, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 2.62-2.55 (m, 1H), 1.63 (s, 6H), 0.98-0.81 (m, 4H). R45 N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-2-methyl- 4-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide  

Method 1a, Using INTE14 and INTF43 [HPLC Acidic], 526, (2.09) 12.61 (s, 1H), 9.66 (s, 1H), 9.17 (s, 1H), 8.46 (s, 1H), 8.14-8.02 (m, 2H), 7.71 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.50 (s, 1H), 2.61-2.55 (m, 1H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 1.62 (s, 6H), 0.94- 0.85 (m, 4H). R46 N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(6- ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2-methylbenzamide  

Method 1a, Using INTE14 and INTF38, [HPLC Acidic], 502, (2.04) 12.58 (s, 1H), 8.84 (s, 1H), 8.38 (s, 1H), 8.26 (s, 1H), 8.01-7.93 (m, 2H), 7.64 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.49 (s, 1H), 4.49 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.56-2.51 (m, 1H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 1.61 (s, 6H), 1.41 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.95-0.81 (m, 4H). R47 N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(6- ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide  

Method 1a, Using INTE14 and INTF42, [HPLC Acidic], 556, (2.17) 12.63 (s, 1H), 8.99 (s, 1H), 8.73 (s, 1H), 8.50 (dd, J = 8.1, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 8.43 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.34 (s, 1H), 7.98 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.53 (s, 1H), 4.50 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.62-2.56 (m, 1H), 1.59 (s, 6H), 1.41 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.95- 0.85 (m, 4H). R48 N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-2-methoxy- 4-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide  

Method 2b, Using INTE18 and commercial coupling partner, [HPLC Acidic], 542, (2.2) 12.55 (s, 1H), 9.75 (s, 1H), 9.21 (s, 1H), 8.38 (s, 1H), 7.95-7.70 (m, 3H), 6.51 (s, 1H), 4.07 (s, 3H), 2.59-2.54 (m, 1H), 1.65 (s, 6H), 0.96-0.80 (m, 4H). R49 4-(6-chloropyrazin-2-yl)-N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4- yl)propan-2-yl)-2-methoxybenzamide  

Method 2b, Using INTE18 and commercial coupling partner, [HPLC Acidic], 508 ³⁵Cl isotope, (2.07) 12.55 (s, 1H), 9.42 (s, 1H), 8.82 (s, 1H), 8.37 (s, 1H), 7.91 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.86-7.81 (m, 2H), 6.51 (s, 1H), 4.06 (s, 3H), 2.60- 2.51 (m, 1H), 1.64 (s, 6H), 1.02- 0.74 (m, 4H). R50 4-(6-cyanopyrazin-2-yl)-N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4- yl)propan-2-yl)-2-methoxybenzamide  

Method 2b, Using INTE18 and commercial coupling partner, [HPLC Acidic], 499, (1.94) 12.55 (s, 1H), 9.70 (s, 1H), 9.23 (s, 1H), 8.39 (s, 1H), 7.96-7.82 (m, 3H), 6.51 (s, 1H), 4.07 (s, 3H), 2.62-2.53 (m, 1H), 1.64 (s, 6H), 0.96-0.74 (m, 4H). R51 N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(6- (trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide  

Method 1b, Using INTE14 and INF28, [UPLC Acidic], 512, (1.31) 12.59 (s, 1H), 9.72 (s, 1H), 9.21 (s, 1H), 8.42 (s, 1H), 8.34-8.27 (m, 2H), 8.13-8.04 (m, 2H), 6.50 (s, 1H), 2.62-2.54 (m, 1H), 1.65 (s, 6H), 0.93-0.86 (m, 4H). R52 4-(6-chloropyrazin-2-yl)-N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4- yl)propan-2-yl)benzamide  

Method 1b, Using INTE14 and INTF27, [HPLC acidic], 478 ³⁵Cl isotope, (1.87) 12.58 (s, 1H), 9.39 (s, 1H), 8.82 (s, 1H), 8.40 (s, 1H), 8.29-8.21 (m, 2H), 8.09-8.03 (m, 2H), 6.48 (s, 1H), 2.54-2.50 (m, 1H), 1.64 (s, 6H), 0.94-0.76 (m, 4H). R53 N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4- (6-methylpyrazin-2-yl)benzamide  

Method 1b, Using INTE14 and INF29, [HPLC Acidic], 458, (1.68) 12.58 (s, 1H), 9.15 (s, 1H), 8.56 (s, 1H), 8.35 (s, 1H), 8.28-8.20 (m, 2H), 8.06-7.98 (m, 2H), 6.49 (s, 1H), 2.63-2.55 (m, 4H), 1.64 (s, 6H), 0.96-0.79 (m, 4H). R54 N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4- (6-methoxypyrazin-2-yl)benzamide  

Method 2a, Using INTE19 and commercial coupling partner, [HPLC Basic], 474, (1.63) 12.57 (s, 1H), 8.93 (s, 1H), 8.34 (s, 1H), 8.32 (s, 1H), 8.27-8.23 (m, 2H), 8.06-7.94 (m, 2H), 6.48 (s, 1H), 4.04 (s, 3H), 2.54-2.51 (m, 1H), 1.63 (s, 6H), 0.93-0.82 (m, 4H). R55 N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(6- ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)benzamide  

Method 2a, Using INTE19 and commercial coupling partner, [HPLC Basic], 488, (1.79) 12.56 (s, 1H), 8.91 (s, 1H), 8.33 (s, 1H), 8.29 (s, 1H), 8.25-8.20 (m, 2H), 8.04-7.98 (m, 2H), 6.47 (s, 1H), 4.50 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.59-2.53 (m, 1H), 1.63 (s, 6H), 1.41 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.92- 0.81 (m, 4H). R56 N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(6- isopropoxypyrazin-2-yl)benzamide  

Method 1a, Using INTE14 and INTF30, [UPLC Basic], 502, (1.2) 12.57 (s, 1H), 8.89 (s, 1H), 8.34 (s, 1H), 8.27-8.17 (m, 3H), 8.04- 7.98 (m, 2H), 6.48 (s, 1H), 5.49- 5.24 (m, 1H), 2.60-2.53 (m, 1H), 1.64 (s, 6H), 1.40 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 6H), 0.92-0.78 (m, 4H). R57 N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(6-(2,2,2- trifluoroethoxy)pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide  

Method 1a, Using INTE14 and INTF41, [UPLC Acidic], 542, (1.38) 12.58 (s, 1H), 9.08 (s, 1H), 8.50 (s, 1H), 8.37 (s, 1H), 8.34-8.25 (m, 2H), 8.08-7.99 (m, 2H), 6.49 (s, 1H), 5.23 (q, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 2.60-2.54 (m, 1H), 1.64 (s, 6H), 0.96-0.83 (m, 4H). R58 N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-4-(pyrazin-2- yl)benzamide  

Method 1b, Using INTE14 and commercial acid, [HPLC Acidic], 444, (1.59) 12.57 (s, 1H), 9.35 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.76 (dd, J = 2.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.67 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.36 (s, 1H), 8.29-8.22 (m, 2H), 8.09- 7.95 (m, 2H), 6.48 (s, 1H), 2.60- 2.52 (m, 1H), 1.63 (s, 6H), 0.91- 0.83 (m, 4H). R59 RACEMIC, N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propyl)-4-(5- fluoropyridin-3-yl)benzamide  

Method 1b, Using INTE10 and INTF26, [HPLC acidic], 461, (1.74) 12.60 (s, 1H), 8.91-88 (m, 1H), 8.72 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 8.64 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H), 8.21-8.16 (m, 1H), 8.08-8.02 (m, 2H), 7.99-7.92 (m, 2H), 6.56 (s, 1H), 4.94-4.85 (m, 1H), 2.64-2.55 (m, 1H), 1.97- 1.72 (m 2H), 0.97-0.76 (m, 7H). R60 RACEMIC, N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propyl)-4-(5- methylpyridin-3-yl)benzamide  

Method 1b, Using INTE10 and INTF24, [HPLC acidic], 457, (1.22) 12.57 (s, 1H), 8.76 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 8.68 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 8.46 (dd, J = 2.0, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 8.06- 7.95 (m, 3H), 7.90-7.82 (m, 2H), 6.54 (s, 1H), 4.94-4.83 (m, 1H), 2.62-2.55 (m, 1H), 2.39 (s, 3H), 1.97-1.71 (m, 2H), 0.97-0.81 (m, 7H). R61 RACEMIC, N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propyl)-4- (pyridin-3-yl)benzamide  

Method 1b, Using INTE10 and commercial acid, [HPLC acidic], 443, (1.2) 12.58 (s, 1H), 9.00-8.96 (m, 1H), 8.72-8.66 (m, 1H), 8.63 (dd, J = 4.7, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.20-8.14 (m, 1H), 8.05-8.01 (m, 2H), 7.91- 7.85 (m, 2H), 7.53 (dd, J = 7.9, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 6.55 (s, 1H), 4.95-4.83 (m, 1H), 2.64-2.55 (m, 1H), 1.98- 1.71 (m, 2H), 0.99-0.81 (m, 7H). R62 RACEMIC, N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propyl)-4-(6- ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2-fluorobenzamide  

Method 1a, Using INTE10 and INTF35, [HPLC Acidic], 506, (2.12) 12.63 (s, 1H), 8.93 (s, 1H), 8.71 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 8.33 (s, 1H), 8.11-8.01 (m, 2H), 7.79 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.55 (s, 1H), 4.93- 4.82 (m, 1H), 4.51 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.62-2.55 (m, 1H), 1.94- 1.81 (m, 1H), 1.81-1.66 (m, 1H), 1.42 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.01- 0.83 (m, 7H). R63 RACEMIC, N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propyl)-4-(6- ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2-fluoro-N-methylbenzamide  

Method 1a, Using INTE11 and INTF35, [HPLC Acidic], 520, (2.22) 12.75 (s, 1H), 8.90 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 1H), 8.31 (d, J = 4.7 Hz, 1H), 8.15- 7.98 (m, 2H), 7.69 (s, 1H), 6.73 (s, 1H), 5.50 (s, 1H), 4.53-4.47 (m, 2H), 2.66-2.62 (m, 4H), 2.11- 1.74 (m, 2H), 1.45-1.35 (m, 3H), 0.99-0.84 (m, 7H). R64 RACEMIC, N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propyl)-2- fluoro-4-(6-isopropoxypyrazin-2-yl)benzamide  

Method 1a, Using INTE10 and INF36 [HPLC Acidic], 520, (2.24) 12.62 (s, 1H), 8.90 (s, 1H), 8.70 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 8.27 (s, 1H), 8.10-7.97 (m, 2H), 7.78 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 6.54 (s, 1H), 5.45- 5.33 (m, 1H), 4.87 (q, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 2.62-2.54 (m, 1H), 1.96- 1.83 (m, 1H), 1.81-1.64 (m, 1H), 1.39 (d, J = 6.1 Hz, 6H), 0.98- 0.80 (m, 7H). R65 RACEMIC, 4-(6-chloropyrazin-2-yl)-N-(1-(2- (cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propyl)benzamide  

Method 1b, Using INTE10 and INTF27 [HPLC acidic], 478 ³⁵Cl isotope, (1.91) 12.60 (s, 1H), 9.38 (d, J = 0.6 Hz, 1H), 8.82 (s, 1H), 8.76 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 8.31-8.20 (m, 2H), 8.07 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.55 (s, 1H), 4.90 (q, J = 8.5, 7.9 Hz, 1H), 2.62- 2.52 (m, 1H), 2.00-1.60 (m, 2H), 0.97-0.81 (m, 7H). R66 RACEMIC, N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4- yl)propyl)-4-(6-methylpyrazin-2-yl)benzamide  

Method 1b, Using INTE10 and INTF29 [HPLC Acidic], 458, (1.73) 12.59 (s, 1H), 9.13 (s, 1H), 8.72 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 8.56 (s, 1H), 8.28-8.21 (m, 2H), 8.07-8.00 (m, 2H), 6.56 (s, 1H), 4.94-4.84 (m, 1H), 2.62-2.50 (m, 4H), 2.01- 1.67 (m, 2H), 0.96-0.85 (m, 7H). R67 RACEMIC, N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propyl)- 4-(pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide  

Method 1b, Using INTE10 and commercial acid, [HPLC Acidic], 444, (1.81) 12.59 (s, 1H), 9.35 (d, J = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.77 (dd, J = 2.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.74 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 8.67 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.30-8.24 (m, 2H), 8.11-7.99 (m, 2H), 6.56 (s, 1H), 4.89 (q, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 2.62- 2.54 (m, 1H), 1.98-1.72 (m, 2H), 0.96-0.79 (m, 7H). R68 SINGLE ENANTIOMER-stereochemistry unassigned, N-(1-(2- (cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)propyl)-4-(5-fluoropyridin-3- yl)benzamide  

Method 1b, Using INTE10 and INTF26, Separation using chiral method A, [UPLC acidic], 461, (1.13) Chiral IA method 1: Peak 1 RT 21.4 mins 12.60 (s, 1H), 8.89 (t, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 8.72 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 8.64 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H), 8.21-8.16 (m, 1H), 8.08-8.02 (m, 2H), 7.99- 7.92 (m, 2H), 6.56 (s, 1H), 4.90 (q, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 2.64-2.55 (m, 1H), 1.97-1.72 (m, 2H), 0.97- 0.76 (m, 7H). R69 SINGLE ENANTIOMER-stereochemistry unassigned, N-(1-(2- (cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)propyl)-4-(5-fluoropyridin- 3-yl)benzamide  

Method 1b, Using INTE10 and INTF26, Separation using chiral method A [UPLC acidic], 461, (1.13) Chiral IA method 1: Peak 2 RT 27.5 mins 12.60 (s, 1H), 8.89 (t, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 8.72 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H), 8.64 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H), 8.21-8.16 (m, 1H), 8.08-8.02 (m, 2H), 7.99- 7.92 (m, 2H), 6.56 (s, 1H), 4.90 (q, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 2.64-2.55 (m, 1H), 1.97-1.72 (m, 2H), 0.97- 0.76 (m, 7H). R70 SINGLE ENANTIOMER-stereochemistry unassigned, N-(1-(2- (cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)propyl)-4-(6-ethoxypyrazin- 2-yl)-2-fluorobenzamide  

Chiral Sep, Method 1a, Using INTE10 and INTF35, Separation using chiral method B, [HPLC Acidic], 506, (2.11) Chiral IA method 2: Peak 1 RT 16.0 mins 12.62 (s, 1H), 8.93 (s, 1H), 8.70 (dd, J = 8.3, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 8.32 (s, 1H), 8.11-8.03 (m, 2H), 7.80- 7.73 (m, 1H), 6.55 (s, 1H), 4.93- 4.79 (m, 1H), 4.50 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.62-2.55 (m, 1H), 1.94- 1.82 (m, 1H), 1.80-1.67 (m, 1H), 1.41 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.98- 0.85 (m, 7H). R71 SINGLE ENANTIOMER-stereochemistry unassigned, N-(1-(2- (cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)propyl)-4-(6-ethoxypyrazin- 2-yl)-2-fluorobenzamide  

Chiral Sep, Method 1a, Using INTE10 and INTF35, Separation using chiral method B, [HPLC Acidic], 506, (2.12) Chiral IA method 2: Peak 2 RT 30.2 mins 12.62 (s, 1H), 8.93 (s, 1H), 8.75- 8.67 (m, 1H), 8.32 (s, 1H), 8.11- 8.01 (m, 2H), 7.83-7.72 (m, 1H), 6.54 (s, 1H), 4.93-4.79 (m, 1H), 4.50 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.62- 2.55 (m, 1H), 1.94-1.81 (m, 1H), 1.79-1.64 (m, 1H), 1.41 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.98-0.86 (m, 7H). R72 N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)-5-methylthiazol-4-yl)propan- 2-yl)-5-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)picolinamide  

Method 1a using INTE32 and INTF53, [HPLC Acidic], 503, (2.12) 12.07 (s, 1H), 9.40 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 9.00 (s, 1H), 8.70 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.66 (s, 1H), 8.38 (s, 1H), 8.15 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 4.52 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.57- 2.53 (m, 1H), 2.19 (s, 3H), 1.75 (s, 6H), 1.42 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.94- 0.79 (m, 4H). R73 N-(2-(5-chloro-2-(cyclopropane-sulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan- 2-yl)-5-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)picolinamide  

Method 1a using INTE33 and INTF53, [HPLC Acidic], 523 ³⁵Cl isotope, (2.35) 12.52 (s, 1H), 9.40 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 9.00 (s, 1H), 8.74-8.67 (m, 2H), 8.38 (s, 1H), 8.15 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 4.52 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.71-2.65 (m, 1H), 1.78 (s, 6H), 1.42 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.98- 0.74 (m, 4H). R74 N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)-5-methylthiazol-4-yl)propan-2- yl)-4-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2-fluorobenzamide  

Method 1a using INTE32 and INTF35, [HPLC Acidic], 520, (2.16) 11.94 (s, 1H), 8.92 (s, 1H), 8.59- 8.52 (m, 1H), 8.32 (s, 1H), 8.08- 8.02 (m, 2H), 7.80-7.75 (m, 1H), 4.50 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.62- 2.53 (m, 1H), 2.22 (s, 3H), 1.66 (s, 6H), 1.41 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.95- 0.80 (m, 4H). R75 N-(2-(5-chloro-2-(cyclopropane-sulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)- 4-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2-fluorobenzamide  

Method 1a using INTE33 and INTF35, [HPLC Acidic], 540 ³⁵Cl isotope, (2.36) 12.44 (s, 1H), 8.92 (s, 1H), 8.71 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 8.33 (s, 1H), 8.11-8.00 (m, 2H), 7.89-7.66 (m, 1H), 4.50 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.76-2.61 (m, 1H), 1.69 (s, 6H), 1.41 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.02- 0.90 (m, 4H). R76 N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)-5-methylthiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)- 2-methyl-4-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide  

Method 1a using INTE32 and INTF43, [HPLC Acidic], 540, (2.16) 11.96 (s, 1H), 9.66 (s, 1H), 9.18 (s, 1H), 8.63 (s, 1H), 8.11-8.01 (m, 2H), 7.66-7.56 (m, 1H), 2.61- 2.54 (m, 1H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 2.26 (s, 3H), 1.66 (s, 6H), 0.95-0.86 (m, 4H). R77 N-(2-(5-chloro-2-(cycloproane-sulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2-yl)-2- methyl-4-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide  

Method 1a using INTE33 and INTF43, [HPLC Acidic], 560 ³⁵Cl isotope, (2.33) 12.45 (s, 1H), 9.66 (s, 1H), 9.18 (s, 1H), 8.79 (s, 1H), 8.18-7.97 (m, 2H), 7.70-7.49 (m, 1H), 2.70- 2.66 (m, 1H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 1.69 (s, 6H), 1.02-0.92 (m, 4H). R78 N-(2-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)-5-methylthiazol-4-yl)propan-2- yl)-4-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide  

Method 1a using INTE32 and INTF28, [HPLC Acidic], 526, (2.19) 11.98 (s, 1H), 9.71 (s, 1H), 9.21 (s, 1H), 8.59 (s, 1H), 8.33-8.27 (m, 2H), 8.12-8.02 (m, 2H), 2.60- 2.54 (m, 1H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 1.69 (s, 6H), 0.92-0.84 (m, 4H). R79 N-(2-(5-chloro-2-(cyclopropane-sulfonamido)thiazol-4-yl)propan-2- yl)-4-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide  

Method 1a using INTE33 and INTF28, [HPLC Acidic], 546 ³⁵Cl isotope, (2.29) 12.47 (s, 1H), 9.71 (s, 1H), 9.21 (s, 1H), 8.74 (s, 1H), 8.39-8.25 (m, 2H), 8.15-7.98 (m, 2H), 2.69- 2.64 (m, 1H), 1.72 (s, 6H), 0.97- 0.90 (m, 4H). R80 N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)cyclo-propyl)-5-(6- ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)picolinamide  

Method 1a using INTE38 and INTF53, [HPLC Acidic], 487, (1.97) 12.41 (s, 1H), 9.40-9.32 (m, 2H), 9.00 (s, 1H), 8.69 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.38 (s, 1H), 8.16 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.44 (s, 1H), 4.52 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.61-2.53 (m, 1H), 1.42 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 1.40- 1.34 (m, 2H), 1.29-1.23 (m, 2H), 0.93-0.83 (m, 4H). R81 N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)cyclo-propyl)-4- (pyridin-3-yl)benzamide  

Method 1a using INTE38 and Commercial acid, [UPLC Basic], 441, (0.77) 12.32 (s, 1H), 9.14 (s, 1H), 8.97 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.62 (dd, J = 4.8, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.18-8.15 (m, 1H), 8.06-7.95 (m, 2H), 7.94- 7.77 (m, 2H), 7.53 (dd, J = 7.9, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 6.40 (s, 1H), 2.62-2.54 (m, 1H), 1.43-1.34 (m, 2H), 1.29- 1.21 (m, 2H), 0.98-0.78 (m, 4H). R82 N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)cyclo-propyl)-4-(6- ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2-fluorobenzamide  

Method 1a using INTE38 and INTF35, [HPLC Acidic], 504, (2.05) 12.32 (s, 1H), 9.02 (s, 1H), 8.94 (s, 1H), 8.33 (s, 1H), 8.12-8.00 (m, 2H), 7.86-7.78 (m, 1H), 6.44 (s, 1H), 4.51 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.63-2.54 (m, 1H), 1.46-1.33 (m, 5H), 1.25-1.15 (m, 2H), 0.96- 0.85 (m, 4H). R83 N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)cyclopropyl)-2-methyl- 4-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide  

Method 1a using INTE38 and INTF43, [HPLC Acidic], 524, (2.08) 12.31 (s, 1H), 9.67 (s, 1H), 9.18 (s, 1H), 9.04 (s, 1H), 8.10-8.07 (m, 2H), 7.67 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.47 (s, 1H), 2.63-2.57 (m, 1H), 2.44 (s, 3H), 1.43-1.34 (m, 2H), 1.25-1.18 (m, 2H), 1.00-0.81 (m, 4H). R84 N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)cyclopropyl)-4-(6- (trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide  

Method 1a using INTE38 and INTF28, [HPLC Acidic], 510, (2.04) 12.37 (s, 1H), 9.72 (s, 1H), 9.29- 9.06 (m, 2H), 8.39-8.28 (m, 2H), 8.15-7.96 (m, 2H), 6.40 (s, 1H), 2.61-2.54 (m, 1H), 1.42-1.35 (m, 2H), 1.32-1.22 (m, 2H), 0.96- 0.84 (m, 4H). R85 N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)-3-methoxypropyl)- 4-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)benzamide  

Method 1a using INTE39 and INTF26, [UPLC Acidic], 491, (1.09) 12.60 (s, 1H), 8.89 (t, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H), 8.74 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 8.64 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H), 8.21-8.15 (m, 1H), 8.09-7.98 (m, 2H), 7.98- 7.91 (m, 2H), 6.57 (s, 1H), 5.13- 5.02 (m, 1H), 3.46-3.34 (m, 2H), 3.23 (s, 3H), 2.62-2.54 (m, 1H), 2.18-2.10 (m, 1H), 2.07- 1.98 (m, 1H), 0.95-0.85 (m, 4H). R86 N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)-3-methoxypropyl)- 4-(6-ethyl-pyrazin-2-yl)-2-fluorobenzamide  

Method 1ausing INTE39 and INTF39, [UPLC Acidic], 520, (1.24) 12.64 (s, 1H), 9.18 (s, 1H), 8.71 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 8.62 (s, 1H), 8.14-8.05 (m, 2H), 7.87-7.77 (m, 1H), 6.57 (s, 1H), 5.12-5.03 (m, 1H), 3.46-3.37 (m, 2H), 3.25 (s, 3H), 2.90 (q, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.63-2.55 (m, 1H), 2.18-2.05 (m, 1H), 2.05-1.91 (m, 1H), 1.33 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H), 0.97-0.83 (m, 4H). R87 N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)-3-methoxypropyl)- 2-fluoro-4-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide  

Method 1a using INTE39 and INTF34, [UPLC Acidic], 560, (1.33) 12.65 (s, 1H), 9.73 (s, 1H), 9.24 (s, 1H), 8.78 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.21-8.12 (m, 2H), 7.92-7.83 (m, 1H), 6.57 (s, 1H), 5.12-5.03 (m, 1H), 3.49-3.36 (m, 2H), 3.25 (s, 3H), 2.64-2.55 (m, 1H), 2.19- 2.07 (m, 1H), 2.05-1.92 (m, 1H), 0.98-0.83 (m, 4H). R88 N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)-3-methoxypropyl)- 4-(6-ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2-fluorobenzamide  

Method 1a using INTE39 and INTF35, [HPLC Acidic], 536, (2.08) 12.63 (s, 1H), 8.93 (s, 1H), 8.66 (s, 1H), 8.33 (s, 1H), 8.11-8.03 (m, 2H), 7.85-7.73 (m, 1H), 6.52 (s, 1H), 5.13-4.96 (m, 1H), 4.51 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.47-3.37 (m, 2H), 3.25 (s, 3H), 2.60-2.52 (m, 1H), 2.18-2.08 (m, 1H), 2.02- 1.81 (m, 1H), 1.42 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.99-0.65 (m, 4H). R89 N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)-3-methoxypropyl)- 2-fluoro-4-(6-isopropoxypyrazin-2-yl)benzamide  

Method 1a using INTE39 and INTF36, [UPLC Acidic], 551, (1.42) 12.64 (s, 1H), 8.91 (s, 1H), 8.71 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 1H), 8.28 (s, 1H), 8.11-8.02 (m, 2H), 7.85-7.78 (m, 1H), 6.55 (s, 1H), 5.43 (h, J = 6.2 Hz, 1H), 5.12-5.03 (m, 1H), 3.47-3.38 (m, 2H), 3.25 (s, 3H), 2.63-2.56 (m, 1H), 2.17-2.10 (m, 1H), 2.03-1.93 (m, 1H), 1.40 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 6H), 0.96-0.85 (m, 4H). R90 N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)-3-methoxypropyl)-4- (6-ethoxy-pyrazin-2-yl)benzamide  

Method 1a using INTE39 and INTF37, [UPLC Acidic], 519, (1.27) 12.61 (s, 1H), 8.91 (s, 1H), 8.74 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 8.30 (s, 1H), 8.28-8.22 (m, 2H), 8.07-8.00 (m, 2H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 5.12-5.04 (m, 1H), 4.51 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.46-3.35 (m, 2H), 3.23 (s, 3H), 2.63-2.55 (m, 1H), 2.18-2.09 (m, 1H), 2.09-1.99 (m, 1H), 1.42 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.95-0.86 (m, 4H). R91 N-(1-(2-(cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)ethyl)-4-(6-ethoxypyrazin- 2-yl)-2-fluorobenzamide  

Method 1a using INTE23 and INTF35, [HPLC Acidic], 492, (2.02) 12.66 (s, 1H), 8.93 (s, 1H), 8.81 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 8.33 (s, 1H), 8.09-8.01 (m, 2H), 7.84-7.73 (m, 1H), 6.54 (s, 1H), 5.06-4.96 (m, 1H), 4.51 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.63-2.53 (m, 1H), 1.46 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.42 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.94-0.85 (m, 4H). R92 SINGLE ENANTIOMER-stereochemistry unassigned N-(1-(2- (cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)-3-methoxypropyl)-4-(6- ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2-fluorobenzamide  

Method 1a using INTE39 and INTF35, Chiral IC1 (17.4), [HPLC Acidic], 536, (2.08) 12.64 (s, 1H), 8.94 (s, 1H), 8.74- 8.67 (m, 1H), 8.33 (s, 1H), 8.15- 7.99 (m, 2H), 7.86-7.72 (m, 1H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 5.16-5.02 (m, 1H), 4.51 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.49- 3.33 (m, 2H), 3.25 (s, 3H), 2.64- 2.57 (m, 1H), 2.22-2.05 (m, 1H), 2.05-1.92 (m, 1H), 1.42 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.97-0.81 (m, 4H). R93 SINGLE ENANTIOMER-stereochemistry unassigned N-(1-(2- (cyclopropanesulfon-amido)thiazol-4-yl)-3-methoxypropyl)-4-(6- ethoxypyrazin-2-yl)-2-fluorobenzamide  

Method 1a using INTE39 and INTF35, Chiral IC1 (22.7), [HPLC Acidic], 536, (2.08) 12.64 (s, 1H), 8.94 (s, 1H), 8.79- 8.67 (m, 1H) 8.33 (s, 1H), 8.18- 8.03 (m, 2H), 7.89-7.73 (m, 1H), 6.57 (s, 1H), 5.16-5.02 (m, 1H),, 4.51 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.46- 3.37 (m, 2H), 3.25 (s, 3H), 2.63- 2.56 (m, 1H), 2.21-2.04 (m, 1H), 2.02-1.91 (m, 1H), 1.42 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.96-0.80 (m, 4H).

BIOLOGICAL EXAMPLES Biological Example 1—Human CTPS1 Enzyme Inhibition

The enzyme inhibitory activities of compounds invented against the target of interest were determined using the ADP-Glo™ Max assay (Promega, UK). Assays for human CTPS1 were performed in 1× assay buffer containing 50 mM Tris, 10 mM MgCl₂, 0.01% Tween-20, pH to 8.0 accordingly. Finally, immediately before use, L-cysteine was added to the 1×assay buffer to a final concentration of 2 mM. All reagents are from Sigma-Aldrich unless specified otherwise. Human full length active C-terminal FLAG-Hiss-tag CTPS1 (UniProtKB—P17812, CTPS[1-591]-GGDYKDDDDKGGHHHHHHHH) was obtained from Proteros biostructures GmbH.

Assay Procedure

3× human CTPS1 protein was prepared in 1× assay buffer to the final working protein concentration required for the reaction. A 2 uL volume per well of 3× human CTPS1 protein was mixed with 2 uL per well of 3× test compound (compound prepared in 1× assay buffer to an appropriate final 3× compound concentration respective to the concentration response curve designed for the compounds under test) for 10 minutes at 25° C. The enzymatic reaction was then initiated by addition of a 2 uL per well volume of a pre-mixed substrate mix (UltraPure ATP from ADP-Glo™ Max kit (0.31 mM), GTP (0.034 mM), UTP (0.48 mM) and L-glutamine (0.186 mM)) and the mixture was incubated for an appropriate amount of time within the determined linear phase of the reaction at 25° C. under sealed plate conditions with constant agitation at 500 revolutions per minute (rpm). ADP-Glo™ Max reagent was added for 60 minutes (6 uL per well) and subsequently ADP-Glo™ Max development reagent was added for 60 minutes (12 uL per well) prior to signal detection in a microplate reader (EnVision® Multilabel Reader, Perkin Elmer). Following each reagent addition over the course of the assay, assay plates were pulse centrifuged for 30 seconds at 500 rpm.

In all cases, the enzyme converts ATP to ADP and the ADP-Glo™ Max reagent subsequently depletes any remaining endogenous ATP in the reaction system. The ADP-Glo™ Max detection reagent converts the ADP that has been enzymatically produced back into ATP and using ATP as a substrate together with luciferin for the enzyme luciferase, light is generated which produces a detectable luminescence. The luminescent signal measured is directly proportional to the amount of ADP produced by the enzyme reaction and a reduction in this signal upon compound treatment demonstrates enzyme inhibition. The percentage inhibition produced by each concentration of compound was calculated using the equation shown below:

${\%{Inhibition}} = {1 - {\frac{\left( {{Mean}_{Min} - {Mean}_{inh}} \right)}{\left( {{Mean}_{Min} - {Mean}_{Max}} \right)} \times 100}}$

Percentage inhibition was then plotted against compound concentration, and the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) was determined from the resultant concentration-response curve.

TABLE 7 Human CTPS1 Enzyme Inhibition data grouped by potency range (± indicates IC₅₀ in the range of >10 to 21 micromolar, + indicates IC₅₀ in the range >1 to 10 micromolar, ++ indicates IC₅₀ in the range >0.1 to 1 micromolar, +++ indicates IC₅₀ of <0.1 micromolar) R CTPS1 R1  ++ R2  ++ R3  ++ R4  +++ R5  +++ R6  +++ R7  ++ R8  + R9  + R10 +++ R11 +++ R12 +++ R13 +++ R14 +++ R15 +++ R16 ++ R17 ++ R18 ++ R19 +++ R20 +++ R21 +++ R22 ++ R23 ++ R24 ++ R25 ++ R26 ++ R27 ± R28 +++ R29 +++ R30 ++ R31 ++ R32 ++ R33 + R34 + R35 +++ R36 ++ R37 +++ R38 ++ R39 ++ R40 ++ R41 ++ R42 +++ R43 +++ R44 ++ R45 ++ R46 ++ R47 ++ R48 ++ R49 ++ R50 + R51 +++ R52 +++ R53 ++ R54 +++ R55 +++ R56 +++ R57 ++ R58 ++ R59 ++ R60 ++ R61 ++ R62 ++ R63 ++ R64 ++ R65 +++ R66 ++ R67 ++ R68 + R69 +++ R70 ++ R71 +++ R72 + R73 + R74 ++ R75 ++ R76 ++ R77 + R78 ++ R79 ++ R80 +++ R81 ++ R82 +++ R83 +++ R84 +++ R85 ++ R86 ++ R87 ++ R88 ++ R89 +++ R90 +++ R91 +++ R92 +++ R93 +++

Biological Example 2—RapidFire/MS-based Enzyme Selectivity Assays

Human CTPS1 Versus CTPS2 Selectivity Assessment by RapidFire/MS Analysis.

The enzyme inhibitory activities against each target isoform of interest were determined for the compounds of the invention using an optimised RapidFire high-throughput mass spectrometry (RF/MS) assay format. RF/MS assays for both human CTPS1 and CTPS2 were performed in assay buffer consisting of 50 mM HEPES (Merck), 20 mM MgCl₂, 5 mM KCl, 1 mM DTT, 0.01% Tween-20, pH to 8.0 accordingly. All reagents were from Sigma-Aldrich unless specified otherwise. Human full-length active C-terminal FLAG-His-tag CTPS1 (UniProtKB—P17812, CTPS[1-591]-GGDYKDDDDKGGHHHHHHHH) was obtained from Proteros biostructures GmbH. Human full length active C-terminal FLAG-His-Avi tagged CTPS2 (UniProtKB—Q9NRF8, CTPS2 [1-586]-DYKDDDDKHHHHHHGLNDIFEAQKIEWHE) was obtained from Harker Bio.

Assay Procedure

Human CTPS (1 or 2) protein was prepared in 1× assay buffer to the final working protein concentration required for the reaction. A 2 uL volume per well of 2×CTPS (1 or 2) protein was mixed with 40 nL of compound using acoustic (ECHO) delivery and incubated for 10 minutes at 25° C. Each isoform enzymatic reaction was subsequently initiated by addition of 2 uL per well of a 2× substrate mix in assay buffer. For hCTPS1: ATP (0.3 mM), UTP (0.2 mM), GTP (0.07 mM) and L-glutamine (0.1 mM). For hCTPS2: ATP (0.1 mM), UTP (0.04 mM), GTP (0.03 mM) and L-glutamine (0.1 mM). Each mixture was incubated for an appropriate amount of time per isoform within the determined linear phase of the reaction at 25° C. A 60 uL volume of stop solution (1% formic acid with 0.5 uM ¹³C₉-¹⁵N₃-CTP in H₂O) was added and the plate immediately heat-sealed and centrifuged for 10 minutes at 4,000 rpm. Following centrifugation, plates were loaded onto the Agilent RapidFire microfluidic solid phase extraction system coupled to an API4000 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (RF/MS) for analysis.

In all cases, the enzyme converts UTP to CTP. Highly specific and sensitive multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) MS methods were optimised for the detection of the enzymatic reaction product, CTP, and the stable isotope labelled product standard ¹³C₉-¹⁵N₃-CTP. Readout for data analysis was calculated as the ratio between the peak area of the product CTP and the internal standard ¹³C₉-¹⁵N₃-CTP. For data reporting, the following equation was used:

$R = \frac{P}{IS}$

(R=ratio/readout, P=product signal area, IS=internal standard signal area)

For each screening plate, the means of the negative (DMSO) and positive control values were used for the calculation of the respective assay window (S/B) and Z′ values. The median of the respective control values was used for calculation of percent inhibition according to the following equation:

$I = \frac{R_{neg} - {R_{sample}\%}}{\left\lbrack {R_{neg} - R_{pos}} \right\rbrack}$

(I=Inhibition, R_(neg)=median of negative control readout values, R_(pos)=median of positive control readout values, R_(sample)=sample readout value)

Percentage inhibition was then plotted against compound concentration, and the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) was determined from the resultant concentration-response curve.

Fold selectivity between CTPS1 and CTPS2 was subsequently calculated according to the following equation:

${{Fold}{selectivity}} = \frac{{CTPS}2{IC}_{50}}{{CTPS}1{IC}_{50}}$

Certain compounds were tested in the assay above. The data for all compounds tested are presented below.

TABLE 8 Selectivity data split into grouping of 2-30 fold (+), >30-60 fold (++) or >60 fold (+++) R Selectivity R5  + R6  ++ R7  ++ R11 ++ R19 ++ R23 ++ R25 ++ R26 +++ R41 ++ R42 ++ R43 ++ R45 ++ R46 + R47 + R48 ++ R51 ++ R52 +++ R54 + R55 +++ R56 +++ R62 +++ R63 + R64 ++ R68 ++ R69 +++ R70 +++ R71 +++ R73 + R74 ++ R75 +++ R76 + R78 ++ R79 + R80 +++ R82 +++ R83 +++ R84 +++ R86 +++ R87 ++ R88 +++ R89 +++ R90 ++ R91 +++ R92 +++ R93 +++

All compounds of the invention which have been tested were found to demonstrate inhibition of CTPS1 enzyme in this assay. Consequently, these compounds may be expected to have utility in the inhibition of CTPS1.

All compounds tested in the assay described in Biological Assay 2 were found to have at least 2 fold selectivity for CTPS1 over CTPS2, with many compounds having a selectivity for CTPS1 of over 60 fold. In particular, these compounds may be expected to have utility in the treatment of diseases whereby a selective CTPS1 compound is beneficial.

The compounds of the invention are also expected to have utility as research tools, for example, for use in CTPS assays.

Throughout the specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word ‘comprise’, and variations such as ‘comprises’ and ‘comprising’, will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer, step, group of integers or group of steps but not to the exclusion of any other integer, step, group of integers or group of steps.

The application of which this description and claims forms part may be used as a basis for priority in respect of any subsequent application. The claims of such subsequent application may be directed to any feature or combination of features described herein. They may take the form of product, composition, process, or use claims and may include, by way of example and without limitation, the claims which follow.

All publications, including but not limited to patents and patent applications, cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference herein as though fully set forth.

Clauses of the Invention

Clause 1. A compound of formula (I):

wherein

-   -   R₁ is C₁₋₅alkyl, C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl which cycloalkyl is         optionally substituted by CH₃, C₁₋₃alkyleneOC₁₋₂alkyl, or CF₃;     -   R₃ is H, CH₃, halo, OC₁₋₂alkyl or CF₃;     -   R₄ and R₅ are each independently H, C₁₋₆alkyl,         C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₆cycloalkyl, C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl,         C₁₋₃alkyleneOC₁₋₃alkyl, C₁₋₆alkylOH or C₁₋₆haloalkyl,         -   or R₄ and R₅ together with the carbon atom to which they are             attached form a C₃₋₆cycloalkyl or C₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl ring;     -   R₆ is H or C₁₋₃alkyl;     -   Ar1 is a 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl;     -   Ar2 is a 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl and is attached to Ar1 in         the para position relative to the amide;     -   R₁₀ is H, halo, C₁₋₃alkyl, OC₁₋₂alkyl, C₁₋₂haloalkyl,         OC₁₋₂haloalkyl or CN;     -   R₁₁ is H, F, C₁, CH₃, ethyl, OCH₃, CF₃, OCF₃ or CN;     -   R₁₂ is attached to Ar2 in the meta or ortho position relative to         Ar1 and R₁₂ is H, halo, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₂₋₄alkynyl, C(═O)C₁₋₂alkyl,         C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl, OC₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₃alkyleneOC₁₋₃alkyl,         C₁₋₄haloalkyl, OC₁₋₄haloalkyl, CN, OC₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl,         OCH₂CH₂N(CH₃)₂, OH, C₁₋₄alkylOH, NR₂₃R₂₄, SO₂CH₃, C(O)N(CH₃)₂,         NHC(O)C₁₋₃alkyl, or a C₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl comprising one         nitrogen located at the point of attachment to Ar2, or R₁₂         together with a nitrogen atom to which it is attached forms an         N-oxide (N⁺—O⁻);     -   R₂₃ is H or C₁₋₂alkyl; and     -   R₂₄ is H or C₁₋₂alkyl;     -   or a salt and/or solvate thereof and/or derivative thereof.

Clause 2. The compound according to clause 1 which is a compound of formula (I):

wherein

-   -   R₁ is C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₂alkyleneOC₁₋₂alkyl or         C₀₋₁alkyleneC₃₋₄cycloalkyl which cycloalkyl is optionally         substituted by CH₃;     -   R₃ is H, CH₃, F or Cl;     -   R₄ and R₅ are each independently H, C₁₋₄alkyl,         C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl, C₁₋₃alkyleneOC₁₋₃alkyl, C₁₋₄alkylOH         or C₁₋₄haloalkyl;     -   R₆ is H or C₁₋₃alkyl;     -   Ar1 is a 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl;     -   Ar2 is a 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl and is attached to Ar1 in         the para position relative to the amide;     -   R₁₀ is H, halo, C₁₋₃alkyl, OC₁₋₂alkyl, C₁₋₂haloalkyl,         OC₁₋₂haloalkyl or CN; and     -   R₁₂ is attached to Ar2 in the meta position relative to Ar1 and         R₁₂ is H, halo, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₂alkynyl, C(═O)C₁₋₂alkyl,         C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl, OC₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₃alkyleneOC₁₋₃alkyl,         C₁₋₄haloalkyl, OC₁₋₄haloalkyl or CN; or a salt and/or solvate         thereof and/or derivative thereof.

Clause 3. The compound according to clause 1 which is a compound of formula (I):

wherein

-   -   R₁ is C₀₋₁alkyleneC₃₋₄cycloalkyl;     -   R₃ is H, CH₃ or C₁;     -   R₄ and R₅ are each independently H, C₁₋₄alkyl or         C₁₋₃alkyleneOC₁₋₃alkyl;         -   or R₄ together with R₅ form a C₃₋₆cycloalkyl ring     -   R₆ is H or C₁₋₃alkyl;     -   Ar1 is a 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl;     -   Ar2 is a 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl and is attached to Ar1 in         the para position relative to the amide;     -   R₁₀ is H, halo, C₁₋₃alkyl, OC₁₋₂alkyl or C₁₋₂haloalkyl; and     -   R₁₂ is attached to Ar2 in the meta position relative to Ar1 and         R₁₂ is H, halo, C₁₋₄alkyl, C(═O)C₁₋₂alkyl, OC₁₋₄alkyl,         C₁₋₄haloalkyl, OC₁₋₄haloalkyl or CN; or a salt and/or solvate         thereof and/or derivative thereof.

Clause 4. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 3 wherein R₁ is C₁₋₅alkyl.

Clause 5. The compound according to clause 4 wherein R₁ is C₁₋₄alkyl.

Clause 6. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 3 wherein R₁ is C₁₋₃alkyleneOC₁₋₂alkyl.

Clause 7. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 3 wherein R₁ is C₁₋₂alkyleneOC₁₋₂alkyl.

Clause 8. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 3 wherein R₁ is C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl which cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by CH₃.

Clause 9. The compound according to clause 8 wherein R₁ is C₀₋₁alkyleneC₃₋₄cycloalkyl which cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by CH₃.

Clause 10. The compound according to clause 9 wherein R₁ is C₀₋₁alkyleneC₃₋₄cycloalkyl.

Clause 11. The compound according to any one of clauses 9 or 10 wherein R₁ is C₃-4cycloalkyl.

Clause 12. The compound according to clause 11 wherein R₁ is cyclopropyl.

Clause 13. The compound according to clause 9 wherein R₁ is C₀₋₁alkyleneC₃₋₄cycloalkyl which cycloalkyl is substituted by CH₃.

Clause 14. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 13 wherein R₃ is H.

Clause 15. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 13 wherein R₃ is Me.

Clause 16. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 13 wherein R₃ is halo.

Clause 17. The compound according to clause 16 wherein R₃ is F.

Clause 18. The compound according to clause 16 wherein R₃ is Cl.

Clause 19. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 13 wherein R₃ is OC₁₋₂alkyl.

Clause 20. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 13 wherein R₃ is OCF₃.

Clause 21. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 13 wherein R₃ is CF₃.

Clause 22. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 21 wherein R₄ is H.

Clause 23. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 21 wherein R₄ is C₁₋₆alkyl.

Clause 24. The compound according to clause 23 wherein R₄ is C₁₋₄alkyl.

Clause 25. The compound according to clause 24 wherein R₄ is methyl or ethyl.

Clause 26. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 21 wherein R₄ is C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₆cycloalkyl.

Clause 27. The compound according to clause 26 wherein R₄ is C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl.

Clause 28. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 21 wherein R₄ is C₁₋₃alkyleneOC₁₋₃alkyl such as CH₂CH₂OCH₃.

Clause 29. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 21 wherein R₄ is C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl.

Clause 30. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 21 wherein R₄ is C₁₋₆alkylOH.

Clause 31. The compound according to clause 30 wherein R₄ is C₁₋₄alkylOH.

Clause 32. The compound according to clause 1 to 21 wherein R₄ is C₁₋₆haloalkyl.

Clause 33. The compound according to clause 32 wherein R₄ is C₁₋₄haloalkyl.

Clause 34. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 33 wherein R₅ is H.

Clause 35. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 33 wherein R₅ is C₁₋₆alkyl.

Clause 36. The compound according to clause 35 wherein R₅ is C₁₋₄alkyl.

Clause 37. The compound according to clause 36 wherein R₅ is methyl or ethyl.

Clause 38. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 33 wherein R₅ is C₀-2alkyleneC₃₋₆cycloalkyl.

Clause 39. The compound according to clause 38 wherein R₅ is C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl.

Clause 40. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 33 wherein R₅ is C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl.

Clause 41. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 33 wherein R₅ is C₁₋₃alkyleneOC₁₋₃alkyl such as CH₂CH₂OCH₃.

Clause 42. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 33 wherein R₅ is C₁-6alkylOH.

Clause 43. The compound according to clause 42 wherein R₅ is C₁₋₄alkylOH.

Clause 44. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 33 wherein R₅ is C₁₋₆haloalkyl.

Clause 45. The compound according to clause 44 wherein R₅ is C₁₋₄haloalkyl.

Clause 46. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 21 wherein R₄ and R₅ together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a C₃₋₆cycloalkyl such as cyclopropyl.

Clause 47. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 21 wherein R₄ and R₅ together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a C₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl such as tetrahydropyranyl or piperidinyl.

Clause 48. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 47 wherein at least one, such as one, nitrogen atom of a C₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl ring is substituted, for example by C₁₋₄alkyl, C(O)H, C(O)C₁₋₄alkyl, C(O)OC₁₋₄alkyl, C(O)OC₁₋₄alkylaryl such as C(O)OBz, C(O)NHC₁₋₄ alkyl, C(O)NHC₁₋₄alkylaryl such as C(O)NHBz, an Fmoc group, C(O)C₁₋₄haloalkyl, C(O)OC₁₋₄ haloalkyl or C(O)NHC₁₋₄haloalkyl such as C(O)OtBu.

Clause 49. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 47 wherein any nitrogen atom in the C₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl ring is not substituted.

Clause 50. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 49 wherein at least one, such as one, sulphur atom of a C₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl ring is substituted, for example by one oxygen atom to form S═O or by two oxygen atoms to form S(O)₂.

Clause 51. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 49 wherein any sulphur atom in the C₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl ring is not substituted.

Clause 52. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 34 wherein R₄ and R₅ are both H.

Clause 53. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 37 wherein R₄ and R₅ are both methyl.

Clause 54. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 37 wherein R₄ and R₅ are both ethyl.

Clause 55. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 34 wherein R₄ is ethyl and R₅ is H.

Clause 56. The compound according to clause 55 wherein R₄ and R₅ are arranged in an S configuration.

Clause 57. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 56 wherein R₆ is H.

Clause 58. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 56 wherein R₆ is C₁₋₃alkyl.

Clause 59. The compound according to clause 58 wherein R₆ is methyl.

Clause 60. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 59 wherein Ar1 is phenyl.

Clause 61. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 59 wherein Ar1 is 2-pyridyl.

Clause 62. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 61 wherein Ar2 is 3-pyridyl.

Clause 63. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 61 wherein Ar2 is 2,5-pyrazinyl.

Clause 64. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 63 wherein R₁₀ is H.

Clause 65. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 63 wherein R₁₀ is halo such as F.

Clause 66. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 63 wherein R₁₀ is C₁₋₃alkyl such as methyl.

Clause 67. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 63 wherein R₁₀ is OC₁₋₂ alkyl such as OCH₃.

Clause 68. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 63 wherein R₁₀ is C₁₋₂haloalkyl such as CF₃.

Clause 69. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 63 wherein R₁₀ is OC₁₋₂haloalkyl.

Clause 70. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 63 wherein R₁₀ is CN.

Clause 71. The compound according to any one of clauses 65 to 70 wherein R₁₀ ortho to the amide.

Clause 72. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 71 wherein R₁₁ is H.

Clause 73. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 71 wherein R₁₁ is F.

Clause 74. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 71 wherein R₁₁ is C₁.

Clause 75. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 71 wherein R₁₁ is CH₃.

Clause 76. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 71 wherein R₁₁ is ethyl.

Clause 77. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 71 wherein R₁₁ is OCH₃.

Clause 78. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 71 wherein R₁₁ is CF₃.

Clause 79. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 71 wherein R₁₁ is OCF₃.

Clause 80. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 71 wherein R₁₁ is CN.

Clause 81. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 80 wherein R₁₂ is H.

Clause 82. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 80 wherein R₁₂ is halo such as fluoro or chloro.

Clause 83. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 80 wherein R₁₂ is C₁₋₄alkyl such as CH₃ or ethyl.

Clause 84. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 80 wherein R₁₂ is C₂-4alkynyl.

Clause 85. The compound according to clause 84 wherein R₁₂ is C₂alkynyl.

Clause 86. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 80 wherein R₁₂ is C(═O)C₁₋₂ alkyl such as C(═O)CH₃.

Clause 87. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 80 wherein R₁₂ is C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl.

Clause 88. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 80 wherein R₁₂ is OC₁₋₄alkyl such as OCH₃, OEt or OiPr.

Clause 89. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 80 wherein R₁₂ is C₁₋₃alkyleneOC₁₋₃alkyl.

Clause 90. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 80 wherein R₁₂ is C₁₋₄ haloalkyl such as CF₃.

Clause 91. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 80 wherein R₁₂ is OC₁₋₄ haloalkyl such as OCH₂CF₃.

Clause 92. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 80 wherein R₁₂ is CN.

Clause 93. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 80 wherein R₁₂ is OC₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl.

Clause 94. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 80 wherein R₁₂ is OCH₂CH₂N(CH₃)₂.

Clause 95. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 80 wherein R₁₂ is OH.

Clause 96. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 80 wherein R₁₂ is C₁₋₄alkylOH.

Clause 97. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 80 wherein R₁₂ is NR₂₃R₂₄.

Clause 98. The compound according to clause 97 wherein R₂₃ is H.

Clause 99. The compound according to clause 97 wherein R₂₃ is C₁₋₂alkyl such as CH₃.

Clause 100. The compound according to any one of clauses 97 to 99 wherein R₂₄ is H.

Clause 101. The compound according to any one of clauses 97 to 99 wherein R₂₄ is C₁₋₂alkyl such as CH₃.

Clause 102. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 80 wherein R₁₂ is SO₂CH₃.

Clause 103. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 80 wherein R₁₂ is C(O)N(CH₃)₂.

Clause 104. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 80 wherein R₁₂ is NHC(O)C₁₋₃alkyl.

Clause 105. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 80 wherein R₁₂ is a C₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl comprising one nitrogen located at the point of attachment to Ar2.

Clause 106. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 80 wherein R₁₂ together with a nitrogen atom to which it is attached forms an N-oxide (N⁺—O⁻).

Clause 107. The compound according to any one of clauses 82 to 106 wherein R₁₂ is attached at the meta position of Ar2.

Clause 108. The compound according to any one of clauses 82 to 106 wherein R₁₂ is attached at the ortho position of Ar2.

Clause 109. A compound of the examples R1 to R71.

Clause 110. A compound of the examples R72 to R93.

Clause 111. A compound of INTE1 to INTE20 or INTF1 to INTF53.

Clause 112. A compound of INTE21 to INTE39.

Clause 113. A compound of formula (II):

wherein R₁, R₃, R₄ and R₅ are as defined in any one of clauses 1 to 3.

Clause 114. A compound of formula (III):

wherein R₁₀, R₁₂, Ar₁ and Ar₂ are as defined in any one of clauses 1 to 3.

Clause 115. A compound of formula (III-A):

wherein R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, Ar₁ and Ar₂ are as defined in any one of clauses 1 to 3.

Clause 116. A compound of formula (VIII):

wherein R₁, R₃ and R₄ are as defined in any one of clauses 1 to 3.

Clause 117. A compound according to any one of clauses 113 to 116 which is in the form of a salt.

Clause 118. A compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 110, for use as a medicament.

Clause 119. The compound according to clause 118, for use in the inhibition of CTPS1 in a subject.

Clause 120. The compound according to clause 118, for use in the reduction of T-cell and/or B-cell proliferation in a subject.

Clause 121. The compound according to clause 118, for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of: inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis or lichen planus; acute and/or chronic GVHD such as steroid resistant acute GVHD; acute lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS); systemic lupus erythematosus, lupus nephritis or cutaneous lupus; or transplantation.

Clause 122. The compound according to clause 118, for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis or scleroderma/systemic sclerosis.

Clause 123. A compound according to clause 118, for use in the treatment of cancer.

Clause 124. A method for treating cancer in a subject, by administering to a subject in need thereof a compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 110.

Clause 125. Use of a compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 110, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of cancer in a subject.

Clause 126. The compound according to clause 123, the method according to clause 124 or the use according to clause 125 wherein the cancer is a haematological cancer.

Clause 127. The compound, method or use according to clause 126 wherein the haematological cancer is selected from the group consisting of Acute myeloid leukemia, Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma, B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Sweet Syndrome, T-cell Non-Hodgkins lymphoma (including natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma, enteropathy type T-cell lymphoma, hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma), T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, B-cell Non-Hodgkins lymphoma (including Burkitt lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Follicular lymphoma, Mantle cell lymphoma, Marginal Zone lymphoma), Hairy Cell Leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma, Lymphoblastic lymphoma, Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, Multiple myeloma, Myelodysplastic syndrome, Plasma cell myeloma, Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma, chronic myeloproliferative disorders (such as chronic myeloid leukemia, primary myelofibrosis, essential thrombocytemia, polycytemia vera) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Clause 128. The compound according to clause 123, the method according to clause 124 or the use according to clause 125 wherein the cancer is a non-haematological cancer such as bladder cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, neuroblastoma, malignant pleural mesothelioma and sarcoma, such as breast cancer and melanoma.

Clause 129. The compound according to clause 118, for use in enhancing recovery from vascular injury or surgery and reducing morbidity and mortality associated with neointima and restenosis in a subject.

Clause 130. A method for enhancing recovery from vascular injury or surgery and reducing morbidity and mortality associated with neointima and restenosis in a subject, by administering to a subject in need thereof a compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 110.

Clause 131. Use of a compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 110, in the manufacture of a medicament for enhancing recovery from vascular injury or surgery and reducing morbidity and mortality associated with neointima and restenosis in a subject.

Clause 132. A method for the inhibition of CTPS1 in a subject, which comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 110.

Clause 133. Use of a compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 110, in the manufacture of a medicament for the inhibition of CTPS1 in a subject.

Clause 134. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 110.

Clause 135. The compound, method or use according to any one of clauses 118 to 133, for administration to a human subject.

Clause 136. The compound, method, use or composition according to any one of clauses 118 to 135, for administration in conjunction with a further pharmaceutically acceptable active ingredient or ingredients.

Clause 137. The compound, method, use or composition according to any one of clauses 118 to 136, for topical administration to the skin, eye or gut.

Clause 138. The compound according to any one of clauses 1 to 137, which is in natural isotopic form.

REFERENCES

-   Cheng, D. et al. Discovery of Pyridinyl Acetamide Derivatives as     Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Porcupine Inhibitors.     Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 7(7), 676-680; (2016). -   Evans, D. R. & Guy, H. I. Mammalian pyrimidine biosynthesis: fresh     insights into an ancient pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 33035-33038;     (2004). -   Fairbanks, L. D., Bofill, M., Ruckemann, K. & Simmonds, H. A.     Importance of ribonucleotide availability to proliferating     T-lymphocytes from healthy humans. Disproportionate expansion of     pyrimidine pools and contrasting effects of de novo synthesis     inhibitors. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 29682-29689; (1995). -   Higgins, M. J., Graves, P. R. & Graves, L. M. Regulation of human     cytidine triphosphate synthetase 1 by glycogen synthase kinase 3. J.     Biol. Chem. 282, 29493-29503; (2007). -   Kursula, P., Flodin, S., Ehn, M., Hammarström, M., Schüler, H.,     Nordlund, P. and Stenmarka, P. Structure of the synthetase domain of     human CTP synthetase, a target for anticancer therapy. Acta     Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun. 62 (Pt7): 613-617;     (2006). -   Lieberman I. Enzymatic amination of uridine triphosphate to cytidine     triphosphate. The J. Biol. Chem. 222 (2): 765-75; (1956). -   Lübbers, T et al. Aminothiazoles as γ-secretase modulators.     Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 21(21), 6554-6558; 2011 -   Martin E. et al.; CTP synthase 1 deficiency in humans reveals its     central role in lymphocytes proliferation. Nature. June 12;     510(7504):288-92 (2014). Erratum in: Nature. July 17; 511(7509):370     (2014). -   McCluskey G D et al., Exploring the Potent Inhibition of CTP     Synthase by Gemcitabine-5′-Triphosphate. Chembiochem. 17, 2240-2249     (2016). -   Ostrander, D. B., O'Brien, D. J., Gorman, J. A. & Carman, G. M.     Effect of CTP synthetase regulation by CTP on phospholipid synthesis     in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 18992-19001;     (1998). -   Sakamoto K, Ishibashi Y, Adachi R, et al. Identification of     cytidine-5-triphosphate synthasel-selective inhibitory peptide from     random peptide library displayed on T7 phage. Peptides, 94:56-63     (2017). -   Salu et al. Drug-eluting stents: a new treatment in the prevention     of restenosis Part I: experimental studies. Acta Cardiol, 59, 51-61     (2004). -   Sousa J. E. et al. Drug-Eluting Stents. Circulation, 107 (2003) 2274     (Part I), 2283 (Part II). van den Berg, A. A. et al. Cytidine     triphosphate (CTP) synthetase activity during cell cycle progression     in normal and malignant T-lymphocytic cells. Eur. J. Cancer 31,     108-112 (1995). -   van Kuilenburg, A. B. P, Meinsma, R., Vreken, P., Waterham, H. R.,     van Gennip, A. H. Identification of a cDNA encoding an isoform of     human CTP synthetase. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1492548-552     (2000). -   Xing-Li F. et al. Efficient Diphosphane-Based Catalyst for the     Palladium-Catalyzed Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reaction of     3-Pyridylboronic Acids. European Journal of Organic Chemistry, (13),     2051-2054; (2009). 

1.-30. (canceled)
 31. A compound of formula (III-A):

wherein: Ar₁ is a 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl; Ar₂ is 6-membered aryl or heteroaryl; R₁₀ is H, halo, C₁₋₃alkyl, OC₁₋₂alkyl, C₁₋₂haloalkyl, OC₁₋₂haloalkyl or CN; R₁₁ is H, F, Cl, CH₃, ethyl, OCH₃, CF₃, OCF₃ or CN; R₁₂ is attached to Ar2 in the meta or ortho position relative to Ar1 and R₁₂ is H, halo, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₂₋₄alkynyl, C(═O)C₁₋₂alkyl, C₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl, OC₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₃alkyleneOC₁₋₃alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, OC₁₋₄haloalkyl, CN, OC₀₋₂alkyleneC₃₋₅cycloalkyl, OCH₂CH₂N(CH₃)₂, OH, C₁₋₄alkylOH, NR₂₃R₂₄, SO₂CH₃, C(O)N(CH₃)₂, NHC(O)C₁₋₃alkyl, or a C₃₋₆heterocycloalkyl comprising one nitrogen located at the point of attachment to Ar2, or R₁₂ together with a nitrogen atom to which it is attached forms an N-oxide (N⁺—O⁻).
 32. The compound according to claim 31, wherein Ar₁ is phenyl or 2-pyridyl.
 33. The compound according to claim 31, wherein Ar₂ is 3-pyridyl or 2,5-pyrazinyl.
 34. The compound according to claim 31, wherein R₁₀ is H.
 35. The compound according to claim 31, wherein R₁₀ is halo, such as F.
 36. The compound according to claim 31, wherein R₁₀ is C₁₋₃alkyl such as methyl.
 37. The compound according to claim 31, wherein R₁₁ is H.
 38. The compound according to claim 34, wherein R₁₁ is H.
 39. The compound according to claim 31, wherein R₁₁ is F.
 40. The compound according to claim 31, wherein R₁₁ is CH₃.
 41. The compound according to claim 31, wherein R₁₂ is OC₁₋₄alkyl such as OCH₃, OEt or OiPr.
 42. The compound according to claim 38, wherein R₁₂ is OC₁₋₄alkyl such as OCH₃, OEt or OiPr.
 43. The compound according to claim 31, wherein R₁₂ is C₁₋₄haloalkyl such as CF₃.
 44. The compound according to claim 31, wherein R₁₂ is attached at the meta position of Ar₂.
 45. The compound according to claim 42, wherein R₁₂ is attached at the meta position of Ar₂.
 46. A salt of a compound of formula (III-A):

wherein Ar₁, Ar₂, R₁₀, R₁₁ and R₁₂ are as defined in claim
 31. 